Early-life antibiotic use is associated with increased risk for metabolic and immunological
diseases, and mouse studies indicate a causal role of the disrupted microbiome. However …

OBJECTIVE: Antibiotics have direct effects on the human intestinal microbiota, particularly in
infancy. Antibacterial agents promote growth in farm animals by unknown mechanisms, but …

Background Evidence on the association between post‐natal exposure to antibiotics and the
development of asthma is extensive, but inconsistent and even less is known about prenatal …

Background: Evidence on the association between antibiotics and the risk of food allergies
is limited. We explored the associations between mother's and offspring's use of antibiotics …

OBJECTIVES: The association between celiac disease and malignancies is well
recognized. In Finland, the prevalence of clinically diagnosed adult celiac disease is 0.6 …

Objective. The majority of patients with coeliac disease remain undetected world-wide.
Finland has aimed at a high detection rate by training health personnel, and has advocated …

Background and purpose Drug-based treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved
markedly over the past 2 decades. Using nationwide register data, we studied how this has …

Objective. Previous exposure to antibiotics has been associated with the pathogenesis of
several autoimmune diseases. Our objective was to explore whether childhood exposure to …

Importance Long duration of breastfeeding is known to reduce the frequency of infections
and the risk of overweight, both of which are prevalent health problems among children, but …

Objective. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of certain
cancers. We assessed the long-term risks of malignancies among patients with IBD in …