Australia has one of the highest national incidences of mesothelioma in the world and the rate is still rising. An industry-occupation matrix analysis was conducted for the 858 mesothelioma cases that were reported to the Australian Mesothelioma Surveillance Program between 1980 and 1985. Definite, probable, or possible occupational exposure had occurred in 57 percent (492/858) of the subjects. The primary asbestos production or manufacturing industry constituted the largest number of cases (137/492, 27.8%), followed by shipbuilding, repair and demolition (114/492, 23.2%), the building industry (69/492, 14.1%), and the railway locomotive construction and maintenance industry (47/492, 9.6%). Laborers constituted 14.8 percent (n = 73) of the occupations with a history of exposure to asbestos, followed by carpenters (13.0%, n = 64), boilermakers (10.6%, n = 52), and fitters/turners (8.1%, n = 40). The distribution of occupations in specific industries is presented in this article.