Research on occupational cancer epidemiology has been an important area of occupational health in Europe since the early studies were conducted in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s. During the last decade, occupational cancer research in Europe has gained an international dimension and become increasingly interdisciplinary in nature. At present, occupational exposures might be responsible for 13 to 18% of lung cancers, 2 to 10% of bladder cancers, and 2 to 8% of laryngeal cancers in European men; among women these figures are 1 to 5%, 0 to 5%, and 0 to 1%, respectively. A notable aspect of current occupational cancer research in Europe is the decreasing importance of traditional circumstances of high exposure to recognized occupational carcinogens and the increasing importance of new industries, mainly in the service sector where possible cancer hazards are poorly known. In addition, the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe open new possibilities for the investigation of high-exposure circumstances and occupational cancer in women.