Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Critical Examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a Work Psychological Perspective

  • Published:
International Journal of Stress Management

Abstract

The most striking development in modern work organizations is the changing nature of work itself and its increased mental and emotional workload. Since the early sixties, many attempts have been made to gain more insight into the particular relationship between work-related psychosocial risks and employee health by means of theoretical models. One of these models is the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) Model. The DCS Model distinguishes itself from other work stress models by its simplicity and the extent to which it has gained a paradigmatic function in research in the field of work and health. The aim of the current paper is to examine its theoretical and empirical status from a work psychological perspective. Studies into the DCS Model can roughly be divided into (1) epidemiological studies, (2) cross-sectional, homogenous, or heterogenous studies, (3) psychophysiological studies, and (4) intervention studies. It is concluded that (1) epidemiological studies offer the most support for the DCS Model, (2) its interaction hypothesis is not often supported, and (3) examples of carefully examined evaluations of interventions are rather scarce. Furthermore, nine critical comments on the model are discussed. In conclusion, although there are various relevant comments on the model, the core structure of the model still holds. Directions for future research are depicted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfredsson, L., & Theorell, T. (1983). Job characteristics of occupations and myocardial infarction risk: Effect of possible confounding factors. Social Science and Medicine, 17, 1497–1503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bongers, P. M., Winter, C. R. de, Kompier, M. A. J., & Hildebrandt, V. H. (1993). Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, & Health, 19, 297–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosma, H., Marmot, M. G., Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A. C., Brunner, E., & Stansfeld, S. A. (1997). Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study. British Medical Journal, 314, 558–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M. J., Brief, A. P., & George, J. M. (1993). The role of negative affectivity in understanding relations between self-reports of stressors and strains: A comment on the applied psychology literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(3), 402–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. W., Hutt, J., & Weidner, G. (1993). Effects of demand and decision latitude on cardiovascular reactivity among coronary-prone women and men. Behavioral Medicine, 19, 122–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T. (1988). Psychobiological factors in stress and health. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1994). Occupational stress, social support, job control, and psychological well-being. Human Relations, 47,12, 1523–1544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Martino, V. (Ed.) (1992). Conditions of work digest on preventing stress at work. Geneva: International Labour Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, D. J., & Ganster, D. C. (1991). The effects of job demands and control on employee attendance and satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 595–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. W., Johansson, G., & Carrere, S. (1994). Psychosocial factors and the physical environment: Interrelations in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1–27). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, B. C., & Jones, F. (1991). The role of occupational factors in casual blood pressure: some unexpected findings. In M. Johnston, M. Herbert, & T. Marteau (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of the European Health Psychology Society (pp. 40–41). Leicester: The British Psychological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, B. C., & Jones, F. (1993). A refutation of Karasek's demand-discretion model of occupational stress with a range of dependent measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, J. R. P., & Kahn, R. L. (1962). A programmatic approach to studying the industrial environment and mental health. Journal of Social Issues, 18, 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frese, M. (1989). Theoretical models of control and health. In S. L. Sauter, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Job control and worker health (pp. 107–128). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1988). Methodological issues in the study of work stress: Objective vs. subjective measurement of work stress and the question of longitudinal studies. In C. L. Cooper, & R. Payne (Eds.), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work (pp. 375–411). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 271–340). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganster, D. C. (1989). Worker control and well-being: A review of research in the workplace. In S. L. Sauter, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Job control and worker health (pp. 3–23). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganster, D. C. (1995). Interventions for building healthy organizations: Suggestions from the stress research literature. In L. R. Murphy, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., S. L. Sauter, & G. P. Keita (Eds.), Job stress interventions (pp. 323–336). Washington: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganster, D. C., & Mayes, B. T. (1988). A Field Test of the Interactive Effects of Job Demands and Control on Worker Well-being. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.

  • Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work stress and employee health. Journal of Management, 17(2), 235–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gründemann, R. W. M., Nijboer, I. D., & Schellart, A. J. M. (1991). Arbeidsgebondenheid van WAO-intrede [The work-related character of work disablement] (Report no. 1). Den Haag: Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, W. (1986). Arbeitspsychologie. Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackman, J. R., & Lawler III, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph, 55(3), 259–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houtman, I. L. D., Bongers, P. M., Smulders, P. G. W., & Kompier, M. A. J. (1994). Psychosocial stressors at work and musculoskeletal problems. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 20, 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Survey Research Ltd. (1995). Employee satisfaction: Tracking European trends. London: ISR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V. (1986). The impact of workplace social support and work control upon cardiovascular disease in Sweden. Stockholm: Division of Environmental and Organizational Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V. (1996). Conceptual and methodological developments in occupational stress research: An introduction to state-of-the-art reviews I. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336–1342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1994). Social support in the work environment and cardiovascular disease. In S. A. Shumaker & S. M. Czajkowski (Eds.), Social Support and Cardiovascular Disease (pp. 145–167). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V., Hall, E. M., Stewart, W., Fredlund, P., & Theorell, T. (1991). Combined exposure to adverse work organization factors and cardiovascular disease: Towards a life-course perspective. In L. D. Fechter (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Combined Effects of Environmental Factors (pp. 117–122). Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. V., Hall, E. M., & Theorell, T. (1989). Combined effects of job strain and social isolation on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in a random sample of the Swedish male working population. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 15, 271–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J., Stewart, W., Hall, E., Fredlund, P., & Theorell, T. (1996). Longterm psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 324–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F., & Fletcher, B. C. (1996). Job control and health. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 33–50). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonge, J. de (1995). Job Autonomy, Well-being, and Health: A Study Among Dutch Health Care Workers. PhD thesis, Datawyse, Maastricht.

  • Jonge, J. de, Breukelen, G. J. P. van, Landeweerd, J. A., & Nijhuis, F. J. N. (1997). Group and Individual Assessment of Job Characteristics: A Multi-Level Approach. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Jonge, J. de, Janssen, P. P. M., & Breukelen, G. J. P. van (1996). Testing the Demand-Control-Support Model among health care professionals: A structural equation model. Work and Stress, 10(3), 209–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonge, J. de, & Landeweerd, J. A. (1993). Toetsing van de Job Demand-Control benadering bij werknemers in de gezondheidszorg: Een secundaire data-analyse [Testing the Job Demand-Control approach among health care workers: A secondary analysis]. Gedrag en Organisatie, 6(2), 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonge, J. de, & Schaufeli, W. B. (in press). Job characteristics and employee well-being: A test of Warr's Vitamin Model in health care workers using structural equation modelling. Journal of Organizational Behavior.

  • Kahn, R. L., & Byosiere, P. (1992). Stress in organizations. In M. D. Dunette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. (Vol. 3, pp. 571–650). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. A., Jr. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. A. (1981). Job socialization and job strain: the implications of two related psychosocial mechanisms for job design. In B. Gardell & G. Johansson (Eds.), Man and Working Life (pp. 75–94). Chichester: Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. A. (1985). Job content instrument: Questionnaire and user's guide, revision 1.1. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. (1989). Control in the workplace and its health-relatedss aspects. In Sauter, S. L., Hurrell, Jr., J.J., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Job control and worker health (pp. 129–159). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. (1992). Stress prevention through work reorganization: A summary of 19 international case studies. In V. Di Martino (Ed.), Conditions of work digest on preventing stress at work, 11(2), 23–41.

  • Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. V. (1989). An epidemiological perspective on the role of control in health. In S. L. Sauter, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Job control and worker health (pp. 161–189). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. V. (1996). The influence of the work environment on cardiovascular health: A historical, conceptual, and methodological perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 42–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (1966). Social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kompier, M. A. J. (1996). The best of both worlds. Arbeids-en organisatiepsychologie tussen theorie en praktijk [The best of both worlds. Work and organizational psychology between theory and practice] (Inaugural lecture). Nijmegen: MacDonald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kompier, M. A. J., Gründemann, R. W. M., Vink, P., & Smulders, P. G. W. (1996). Aan de slag: tien praktijkvoorbeelden van succesvol verzuimmanagement [Now to work! Ten examples of the successful reduction of sickness absenteeism]. Alphen aan den Rijn: Samsom Bedrijfsin-formatie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kompier, M. A. J., Jonge, J. de, Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (1996). The Demand-Control-Support Model in a longitudinal perspective. (Research proposal University of Nijmegen in association with NIA'TNO Amsterdam). Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, T. S. (1995). The Demand-Control-Support Model: Methodological challenges for future research. Stress Medicine, 11, 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsbergis, P. A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers: A test of the job demands-control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 217–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsbergis, P. A., Schnall, P. L., Deitz, D., Friedman, R., & Pickering, T. (1992). The patterning of psychological attributes and distress by “job strain” and social support in a sample of working men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(4), 379–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsbergis, P. A., Schnall, P. L., Warren, K., Pickering, T. G., & Schwartz, J. E. (1994). Association between ambulatory blood pressure and alternative formulations of job strain. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 20, 349–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsbergis, P. A., Schnall, P. L., Schwartz, J. E., Warren, K., & Pickering, T. G. (1995). Job strain, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In S. L. Sauter & L. R. Murphy (Eds.), Organizational risk factors for job stress (pp. 97–112). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsbergis, P. A., Schurman, S. J., Israel, B. A., Schnall, P. L., Hugentobler, M. K., Cahill, J., & Baker, D. (1993). Job stress and heart disease: Evidence and strategies for prevention. New Solutions, Summer, 42–58.

  • Landsbergis, P. A., & Vivona-Vaughan, E. (1995). Evaluation of an occupational intervention in a public agency. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 29–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. In R. Crandall & P. L. Perrewé (Eds.), Occupational stress: A handbook (pp. 3–14). Washington: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennerlöf, L. (1988). Learned helplessness at work. International Journal of Health Services, 18(2), 207–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L. G. (1990). Assessing spurious “moderator effects”: Illustrated substantively with the hypothesized (“synergistic”) relation between spatial and mathematical ability. Psychological Bulletin, 107(3), 385–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijman, T. F., Ulenbelt, P., Lumens, M. E., & Herber, R. F. (1996). Behavioral determinants of occupational exposure to chemical agents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, I(1), 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muntaner, C., & O'Campo, P. J. (1993). A critical appraisal of the demand/control model of the psychosocial work environment: Epistemological, social, behavioral and class considerations. Social Science and Medicine, 36(11), 1509–1517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L. R. (1996). Stress management in work settings: A critical review of the health effects. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 112–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paffenberger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A., & Hsieh, C. (1986). Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 605–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, P. (1992). First European survey of the work environment 1991–1992. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, K. R. (1991). Locus of control as moderator: An explanation for additive versus interactive findings in the demand-discretion model of work stress? British Journal of Psychology, 82, 291–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, K. R., Mendham, C. A., & Rabenau, C. von (1994). Social support and the Demand-Discretion Model of job stress: Tests of additive and interactive effects in two samples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 91–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R., & Fletcher, B. C. (1983). Job demands, supports, and constraints as predictors of psychological strain among schoolteachers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 136–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrewe, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (1989). The impact of job demands and behavioral control on experienced job stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 213–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, T. G. (1991). Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. London: Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, P. A. (1995). “Repetitive strain injury”: from Australia to the UK. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39(6), 783–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rijk, A. E. de, Blanc, P. M. Le, Schaufeli, W. B., & Jonge, J. de (in press). Coping and need for control as moderators of the Job Demand-Control Model: Effects on burnout. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.

  • Sauter, S. L. (1989). Moderating effects of job control on health complaints in office work. In S. L. Sauter, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Job control and worker health (pp. 91–103). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, S. L., Hurrell, Jr., J. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1989). Job control and worker health. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnall, P. L., Landsbergis, P. A., & Baker, D. (1994). Job strain and cardiovascular disease. Annual Review of Public Health, 15, 381–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnall, P. L., Landsbergis, P. A., & Baker, D. (February 1997). Job strain and cardiovascular disease [on-line]. Available Internet. Directory: http://bugsy.serve.net/cse/strain/jshdfind.htm.

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach, C., & Marek, T. (1993). Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. New York: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellart, A. J. M., Kaar, I. van het, & Gründemann, R. W. M. (1993). Arbeidsgebondenheid van WAO-intrede [The work-related character of work disablement] (Report no. 2). Den Haag: SDU.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. E., Pieper, C. F., & Karasek, R. A. (1988). A procedure for linking psychosocial job characteristics data to health surveys. American Journal of Public Health, 78(8), 904–909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1956). Stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmer, N., Zapf, D., & Greif, S. (1996). “Shared job strain”: A new approach for assessing the validity of job stress measurements. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 293–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Peter, R., Junge, A., Cremer, P., & Seidel, D. (1990). Low status control, high effort at work and ischaemic heart disease: Prospective evidence from blue-collar men. Social Science and Medicine, 31, 1127–1134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderfeldt, B., Söderfeldt, M., Muntaner, C., O'Campo, P., Warg, L., & Ohlson, C. (1996). Psychosocial work environment in human service organizations: A conceptual analysis and development of the Demand-Control Model. Social Science and Medicine, 42(9), 1217–1226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderfeldt, B., Söderfeldt, M., Jones, K., O'Campo, P., Muntaner, C., Ohlson, C. G., & Warg, L. E. (1997). Does organization matter? A multilevel analysis of the demand-control model applied to human services. Social Science and Medicine, 44(4), 527–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwood, K. E. (1978). Substantive theory and statistical interaction: Five models. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 1154–1203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terluin, B. (1994). Overspanning onderbouwd [Surmenage empirically confirmed]. PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht.

  • Theorell, T., & Karasek, R. A. (1996). Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 9–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theorell, T., Orth-Gomér, K., Undén, A. L., Eriksson, I, & Moser, V (1995). Endocrine markers during a job intervention. Work and Stress, 9, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theorell, T., Reuterwall, C., Hallqvist, J., Emlund, N., Ahlbom, A., & Hogstedt, C. (1994). Metodstudier kring psykosociala faktorer i SHEEP [Methodological studies of psychosocial factors in the SHEEP study]. ONYX, Department of Occupational Health, Karolinska Hospital, Sölna, Sweden, 1, 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. N., & Lawrence, P. R. (1965). Industrial jobs and the worker: An investigation of response to task attributes. Boston: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uehata, T. (1991). Karoshi due to occupational stress-related cardiovascular injuries among middle-ages workers in Japan. Japanese Science of Labour, 67(1), 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaernes, R. J, Myhre, G., Aas, H., Hommes, T., Hansen, I., & Tonder, O. (1991). Relationships between stress, psychological factors, health and immune levels among military aviators. Work and Stress, 5, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. van (1996). Psychosociale Arbeidsbelasting en Werkstress [Psychosocial workload and work stress]. PhD-thesis, Zwets & Zeitlinger, Lisse.

  • Wall, T. D., Jackson, P. R., Mullarkey, S., & Parker, S. K. (1996). The demands-control model of job strain: A more specific test. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 153–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P. B. (1990). Decision latitude, job demands, and employee well-being. Work and Stress, 4(4), 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work and Stress, 8(2), 84–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, J. L., & Johns, G. (1995). Job scope and stress: Can job scope be too high? Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1288–1309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapf, D. (1989). Selbst-und Fremdbeobachtung in der psychologischen Arbeitsanalyse. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(2), 145–169.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Jan de Jonge & Michiel A. J. Kompier

Authors
  1. Jan de Jonge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michiel A. J. Kompier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

de Jonge, J., Kompier, M.A.J. A Critical Examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a Work Psychological Perspective. International Journal of Stress Management 4, 235–258 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJSM.0000008152.85798.90

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJSM.0000008152.85798.90

Search

Navigation