I searched PubMed from 1960 to 2002 for articles with the terms prostate cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, diet, genetic, and chemoprevention. The search was restricted to English-language papers.
SeriesProstate cancer epidemiology
Section snippets
Epidemiology
Prostate cancer is diagnosed in very few people aged younger than 50 years (<0·1% of all patients). The mean age of patients with this disorder is 72–74 years, and about 85% of patients are diagnosed after age 65 years (figure 1). At age 85 years the cumulative risk of prostate cancer ranges from 0·5% to 20% worldwide.1, 2 Results of autopsy studies,3 however, suggest that most men aged older than 85 years have histological prostate cancer. In a study of 600 men in Detroit, MI, USA the rate of
Genetic factors
The clustering of prostate cancer in families can be because of genetic susceptibility, exposure to common environmental factors, or chance alone since prevalence of this cancer is so high. 10–15% of patients with prostate cancer (white, African, or Asian) have at least one relative who is also affected11, 12 and first-degree relatives of patients with prostate cancer have a two-fold to three-fold increased risk for developing this disease. Furthermore, the risk of developing prostate cancer in
Dietary factors
Results of ecological studies49, 50 suggest that prostate cancer is associated with a western lifestyle and in particular, diet that includes a high intake of fat, meat, and dairy products. The association between dietary factors and prostate cancer has now been investigated in epidemiological studies of 30–40 populations. The results of these studies are mostly conflicting or negative51, 52, 53 but some dietary components are consistently associated with prostate cancer—eg, high intakes of
Hormones and other risk factors
Androgens play an important part in development of the healthy prostate and in treatment of prostate cancer. In 1941, C Huggins received the Nobel Prize for his study of the role of androgen in this disease.77 The prostate converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a key substrate for downstream hormone metabolism. Withdrawal of testosterone by surgical or medical castration is a well known treatment for prostate cancer and is effective in 75–80% of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Chemoprevention
Primary prevention such as chemoprevention has potential to control the increasing number of prostate cancer cases worldwide. If chemoprevention delays the clinical course of prostate cancer by 2–5 years, incidence of and deaths from this disease would substantially decrease.88, 89 In earlier chemoprevention trials in which prostate cancer incidence or mortality were not the primary endpoints, selenium and vitamin E were reported to lower the risk of disease.74, 75, 76 At present, at least two
Search strategy and selection criteria
References (91)
- et al.
The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients
J Urol
(1993) Prostate cancer in Nigerians: facts and nonfacts
J Urol
(1997)- et al.
Studies of genetic factors in prostate cancer in a twin population
J Urol
(1994) - et al.
Segregation analyses of 1476 population-based Australian families affected by prostate cancer
Am J Hum Genet
(2001) - et al.
Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance of prostate cancer
Am J Hum Genet
(1998) - et al.
Predisposing gene for early-onset prostate cancer, localized on chromosome 1q422-43
Am J Hum Genet
(1998) - et al.
Evidence for a rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36
Am J Hum Genet
(1999) - et al.
Evidence for a prostate cancer-susceptibility locus on chromosome 20
Am J Hum Genet
(2000) - et al.
A genome screen of multiplex sibships with prostate cancer
Am J Hum Genet
(2000) - et al.
Linkage and association studies of prostate cancer susceptibility: evidence for linkage at 8p22–23
Am J Hum Genet
(2001)
Linkage analysis of chromosome 1q markers in 136 prostate cancer families
Am J Hum Genet
Genetics of prostate cancer: too many loci, too few genes
Am J Hum Genet
V89L polymorphism of type-2, 5-alpha reductase enzyme gene predicts prostate cancer presence and progression
Urology
Association of HPC2/ELAC2 genotypes and prostate cancer
Am J Hum Genet
Evaluation of linkage and association of HPC2/ELAC2 in patients with familial or sporadic prostate cancer
Am J Hum Genet
A review of genetic polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk
Ann Epidemiol
Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians' Health Study
Am J Clin Nutr
Dietary heterocyclic amines and cancer of the colon, rectum, bladder, and kidney: a population-based study
Lancet
Inhibitory effect of selenomethionine on the growth of three selected human tumor cell lines
Cancer Lett
Studies on prostatic cancer I: the effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate 1941
J Urol
Antioxidant dietary supplements: rationale and current status as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer
Urology
Prostate cancer chemoprevention: strategies for designing efficient clinical trials
Urology
SELECT: the next prostate cancer prevention trial Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial
J Urol
Cancer incidence in Sweden, 1999
Cancer burden in the year 2000: the global picture
Eur J Cancer
Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1960–1997
Br J Cancer
Increased incidence of prostate cancer in Nigerians
J Natl Med Assoc
SEER cancer statistics review, 1973–1999
The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer
JAMA
Prostate cancer in northern Sweden: incidence, survival and mortality in relation to tumour grade
Acta Oncol
Family history and prostate cancer risk in black, white, and Asian men in the United States and Canada
Am J Epidemiol
Prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites with a family history of cancer
Int J Cancer
Evidence of an X-linked or recessive genetic component to prostate cancer risk
Nat Med
Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer: analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland
N Engl J Med
Heredity and prostate cancer: a study of World War II veteran twins
Prostate
Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
Segregation analysis of prostate cancer in Sweden: support for dominant inheritance
Am J Epidemiol
Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search
Science
Early age at diagnosis in families providing evidence of linkage to the hereditary prostate cancer locus (HPC1) on chromosome 1
Cancer Res
Prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q: a confirmatory study
J Natl Cancer Inst
Prostate cancer susceptibility locus HPC1 in Utah high-risk pedigrees
Hum Mol Genet
Linkage analysis of 150 high-risk prostate cancer families at 1q24-25
Genet Epidemiol
The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and its relationship to prostate cancer
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1
Nat Genet
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