Swimming pool chlorination: a health hazard?
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Variability of chlorination by-product occurrence in water of indoor and outdoor swimming pools
2013, Water ResearchCitation Excerpt :Chloroform was also the subject of studies by Jackson and Rule (2002), who observed average values for this compound between 11.4 μg/L and 236 μg/L in indoor pool water in several regions in Europe. Other studies have focused on chloroform to study its effects on the health of swimmers and target the main routes of exposure by using plasma, blood, urine or alveolar air as exposure biomarkers (Aggazzotti et al., 1990, 1993; Lévesque et al., 1994; Aiking et al., 1994; Aggazzotti et al., 1995; Cammann and Hübner, 1995; Lindstrom et al., 1997; Aggazzotti et al., 1998; Erdinger et al., 2004; Caro and Gallego, 2007, 2008). Some of these studies have limitations, such as the investigation of a single group of DBPs including THMs (chloroform) or chloramines (Aggazzotti et al., 1990; Aiking et al., 1994; Cammann and Hübner, 1995; Carbonnelle, 2003; Lévesque et al., 2006; Aprea et al., 2010; Schmalz et al., 2011), measurements carried out on pool water on a reduced scale or with samples generated in laboratory-scale simulations (Judd and Jeffrey, 1995; Judd and Black, 2000; Kim et al., 2002; Hansen et al., 2012), the study of a single type of pool, usually indoor (Jackson and Rule, 2002; Lévesque et al., 1994, 2000, 2006; Kanan and Karenfil, 2011), and small numbers of pools studied (Lahl et al., 1981; Fantuzzi et al., 2001; Thacker and Nitnaware, 2003; Cardador and Gallego, 2011).
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