Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population: A preliminary study by questionnaire

doi:10.1016/0021-9681(86)90109-8

Journal of Chronic Diseases

Volume 39, Issue 6, 1986, Pages 423-427

Journal of Chronic D...

https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(86)90109-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

A short questionnaire inquiring about cold sensitivity of the fingers was administered to 1752 randomly selected subjects in a probability sample drawn from the adult population of the state of South Carolina.

The overall prevalence of reported cold sensitivity was approximately 10% and showed no sex or race difference. A female preponderance was revealed only after subjects exposed to vibrating tools were excluded, and then only in the white group.

Estimates of the prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon were obtained using the following criteria: (1) cold sensitive subjects reporting white and/or blue color changes: 4.6%; (2) cold sensitivity leading to medical consultation: 3.0%; (3) combination of the two criteria above: 1.9%.

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Cited by (110)

Myocardial perfusion in peripheral Raynaud's phenomenon. Evaluation using stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance
2017, International Journal of Cardiology
Peripheral Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is either primary (PRP), without any coexisting disease or secondary (SRP), due to connective tissue diseases (CTD). We hypothesized that adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can assess myocardial perfusion in a population of PRP and SRP.
Twenty CTDs, aged 30.6 ± 7.5 yrs., 16F/4M, including 9 systemic sclerosis (SSc), 4 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 2 polymyositis (PM) and 2 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with SRP, under treatment with calcium blockers, were evaluated by stress CMR and compared with age-sex matched PRP and controls. All RP patients were under treatment with calcium blockers. Stress perfusion CMR was performed by 1.5 T system using 140 mg/kg/min adenosine for 4 min and 0.05 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA for first-pass perfusion. A rest perfusion was performed with the same protocol. Late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) images were acquired after another dose of Gd-DTPA.
In both PRP, SRP, the myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) was significantly reduced compared with the controls (1.7 ± 0.6 vs 3.5 ± 0.4, p < 0.001 and 0.7 ± 0.2 vs 3.5 ± 0.4, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, in SRP, MPRI was significantly reduced, compared with PRP (0.7 ± 0.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.001). Subendo-cardial LGE = 8.2 ± 1.7 of LV mass was revealed in 1 SLE, 1MCTD and 2 SSc, but in none of PR patients.
MPRI reduction is common in both PRP and SRP, but it is more severe in SRP, even if RP patients are under treatment with calcium blockers. Occult fibrosis may coexist with the reduced MPRI in SRP but not in PRP.
Unilateral isolated Raynaud's phenomenon leading to diagnosis of multifocal giant-cell arteritis complicated with renal ischemia
2015, Journal des Maladies Vasculaires
Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 76 ans avec un phénomène de Raynaud unilatéral et isolé, révélateur d’une artérite à cellules géantes (maladie de Horton), compliquée d’une atteinte artérielle étendue et d’une sténose ostiale bilatérale des artères rénales. Une échographie-Doppler retrouvait une sténose des artères sous-clavières et axillaires bilatérales. Une cartographie artérielle par angioscanner et TEP-scanner montrait une atteinte artérielle diffuse intéressant principalement les artères brachiales, l’aorte et les artères fémorales, ainsi qu’une sténose ostiale des artères rénales responsable d’une ischémie du rein droit. Une biopsie d’artère temporale (BAT) permettait de poser le diagnostic d’artérite à cellules géantes. Une corticothérapie permettait une rapide amélioration clinique et radiologique. La présentation clinique de l’artérite à cellules géantes est parfois atypique. Une atteinte artérielle étendue peut exister en l’absence de signes céphaliques ou de syndrome inflammatoire biologique significatif. Une sténose ostiale des artères rénales, rarement retrouvée, peut se compliquer d’une ischémie rénale potentiellement grave.
We report a case of a 76-year-old woman with isolated unilateral Raynaud phenomenon revealing giant-cell arteritis with diffuse arterial lesions and bilateral renal artery stenosis. Doppler ultrasonography showed bilateral stenosis of the subclavian and axillary arteries. Angio-CT PET enlightened diffuse arterial lesions, mainly involving the aorta and the brachial and femoral arteries as well as bilateral renal ostial stenosis with right kidney ischemia. Diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis was made on the temporal artery biopsy. Corticosteroid therapy led to rapid clinical and radiological improvement. Clinical manifestations of giant-cell arteritis may be atypical. Diffuse arterial disease may exist in the absence of cephalic symptoms or significant inflammatory biological features. Ostial renal artery stenosis may induce potentially threatening renal ischemia.
Minimal work-up for Raynaud syndrome: A consensus report
2013, Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie
Le phénomène de Raynaud atteint 10 à 15 % de la population française. La plupart du temps il s’agit d’un phénomène de Raynaud primitif, sans pathologie sous-jacente. L’objet de cet accord d’experts, issus du groupe « Microcirculation » de la Société française de médecine vasculaire et de la Société française de microcirculation, était d’établir, en présence d’un patient qui consulte pour un phénomène de Raynaud (PR), une conduite à tenir, reposant sur la confrontation des données de la littérature et des règles de bonne pratique. Ce bilan minimum comprend essentiellement une étape clinique initiale rigoureuse, complétée par la réalisation d’une capillaroscopie péri-unguéale et la recherche de facteurs antinucléaires. L’objectif de ce bilan est notamment d’identifier des patients dont le taux de transition vers une sclérodermie n’est pas négligeable, et qui doivent faire l’objet d’un suivi annuel.
About ten to fifteen percent of the French population suffer from Raynaud's phenomenon. Most of the time, it is considered as primary Raynaud's phenomenon, without underlying disease. The aim of this expert consensus from the “microcirculation group” for the French Society of Vascular Medicine and the French Society for Microcirculation, was to define clinical guidelines in patients consulting for Raynaud's phenomenon. The recommended minimal screening includes clinical examination, nailfold capillaroscopy and antinuclear antibodies. In particular, the aim of this screening is to identify patients with a significant risk for scleroderma, who would need a careful follow up.
Minimal work-up for Raynaud syndrome: A consensus report
2012, Journal des Maladies Vasculaires
Le phénomène de Raynaud atteint 10 à 15 % de la population française. La plupart du temps il s’agit d’un phénomène de Raynaud primitif, sans pathologie sous-jacente. L’objet de cet accord d’experts, issus du groupe « Microcirculation » de la Société française de médecine vasculaire et de la Société française de microcirculation, était d’établir, en présence d’un patient qui consulte pour un phénomène de Raynaud (PR), une conduite à tenir, reposant sur la confrontation des données de la littérature et des règles de bonne pratique. Ce bilan minimum comprend essentiellement une étape clinique initiale rigoureuse, complétée par la réalisation d’une capillaroscopie péri-unguéale et la recherche de facteurs antinucléaires. L’objectif de ce bilan est notamment d’identifier des patients dont le taux de transition vers une sclérodermie n’est pas négligeable, et qui doivent faire l’objet d’un suivi annuel.
About ten to fifteen percent of the French population suffer from Raynaud's phenomenon. Most of the time, it is considered as primary Raynaud's phenomenon, without underlying disease. The aim of this expert consensus from the “microcirculation group” for the French Society of Vascular Medicine and the French Society for Microcirculation, was to define clinical guidelines in patients consulting for Raynaud's phenomenon. The recommended minimal screening includes clinical examination, nailfold capillaroscopy and antinuclear antibodies. In particular, the aim of this screening is to identify patients with a significant risk for scleroderma, who would need a careful follow up.
A negative first-line work-up of Raynaud's phenomenon: And what if it were cancer?
2010, Journal des Maladies Vasculaires
Le phénomène de Raynaud, trouble vasomoteur paroxystique transitoire des extrémités, est un phénomène fréquent dans la population générale. La démarche diagnostique clinique consiste à différencier maladie de Raynaud (syndrome de Raynaud d’origine primaire) et phénomène de Raynaud secondaire, ce dernier nécessitant un bilan étiologique. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente âgée de 80 ans consultant pour un syndrome de Raynaud de découverte tardive avec négativité du bilan initial. Le caractère secondaire du phénomène de Raynaud a incité à compléter le bilan de première ligne et a permis de découvrir un carcinome mammaire. Le phénomène de Raynaud a régressé après le traitement de la néoplasie et n’a pas récidivé depuis et ce avec un suivi de deux ans.
Raynaud's phenomenon is a transient paroxysmal vasomotor phenomenon affecting the extremities including manifestations of ischemia. It is a common phenomenon in the general population. In a routine clinical situation, the first step is to differentiate Raynaud's disease from a secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, the latter requiring complementary investigations. We report here the case of an 80-year-old woman who presented a secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. First-line investigations remained negative. A mammography was performed and revealed breast cancer. Raynaud's phenomenon disappeared after treatment of the breast carcinoma and did not recur during the 2-year follow-up.
Treatment of Symptomatic Ulnar Artery Occlusion
2008, Journal of Hand Surgery
Citation Excerpt :
In population studies, about 12% of people report unusual sensitivity to cold in the fingertips.1 Nearly 25% of this cold-sensitive population (3% of adults) experience blanching or cyanosis.1 Most do not consider themselves ill.

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^☆: Supported in part by NIH grant AM 31283 from the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and N01-HV-72987 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute through the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control.

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Original articlePrevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population: A preliminary study by questionnaire☆

Abstract

Sem Arth Rheum

Am J Med

Mayo Clin Proc

Raynaud's disease: A critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis

Am J Med Sci

Observations upon maladies in which the blood supply to digits ceases intermittently or permanently and upon bilateral gangrene of digits; observations relevant to so-called Raynaud's disease

Clin Sci

Rheumatology for Clinicians

Prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomenon in young females

Scand J Clin Lab Invest

Original article
Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population: A preliminary study by questionnaire☆