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Development and Measurement Properties of the Dutch Version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6)

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Abstract

Objective To develop a Dutch version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) and examine the reliability and discriminant, discriminative and structural validity of the Dutch SPS-6 (DSPS-6). Methods The original SPS-6 (English-language) was translated and adapted to the Dutch culture. Thirty participants filled in the DSPS-6 at baseline (T0) and after 5 days (T1). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), test–retest reliability (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho), item-to-total correlations, discriminant validity (association with job stress and job satisfaction), discriminative validity (patients reporting a (work) disability compared with those indicating that they had no disability; Spearman’s rho, t tests), structural validity (Varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization) and floor and ceiling effects were examined. Results Cronbach’s alpha for the DSPS-6 was 0.89. Test–retest Spearman’s rho was 0.82 (p < 0.01). Item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.60 to 0.82. Subjects reporting a work disability had significantly lower DSPS scores (discriminative validity). Spearman’s rho for the DSPS-6 score and job satisfaction were 0.38 (p = 0.05; at T0) and 0.27 (at T1), respectively. Spearman’s rho for the association between the DSPS-6 and job stress were −0.52 (p = 0.01; at T0) and −0.42 (p = 0.05; at T1), respectively (discriminant validity). The two factors derived from the principal components analysis account for 77.5 % of the variance of responses (structural validity). A ceiling effect was present. Conclusions The DSPS-6 showed good reliability and structural validity. The discriminative validity of the DSPS-6 is partly supported. The concept of presenteeism is not sufficiently distinct from the constructs of job stress and job satisfaction (discriminant validity). The results of the present study show that the adaptation of the SPS-6 into Dutch was successful. Further research on the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the DSPS-6 in a larger group of participants is recommended.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Sarah Detaille, Luc Driessen, Laraine Visser-Isles, David Alexander and Ann Jenks for translations of the SPS-6. This study was funded by ZonMw, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (208030004).

Ethical Standard

This project was declared by the authors to be exempt from review by a medical research ethics committee in accordance with their local regulatory guidelines and standards for human subjects protection in the Netherlands (Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act [WMO], 2005).

Conflict of interests

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    J. Bart Staal & Maria W. G. Nijhuis-van der Sanden

  2. Department of Occupation and Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, 6503 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Nathan Hutting, Josephine A. Engels, Yvonne F. Heerkens & J. Bart Staal

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  1. Nathan Hutting
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Correspondence to Nathan Hutting.

Appendix: Dutch Version of the SPS-6 (DSPS-6)

Appendix: Dutch Version of the SPS-6 (DSPS-6)

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Hutting, N., Engels, J.A., Heerkens, Y.F. et al. Development and Measurement Properties of the Dutch Version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6). J Occup Rehabil 24, 268–277 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-013-9453-x

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