Rate ratios describing the association between exposure to precarious employment and occupational injuries and illnesses in Ontario, Canada (2016–2019)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Temporary employment | ||||
| Q1 (lowest exposure) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Q2 | 1.05 | 1.01 to 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.01 to 1.09 |
| Q3 | 2.04 | 1.98 to 2.10 | 1.45 | 1.40 to 1.51 |
| Q4 (highest exposure) | 2.16 | 2.09 to 2.22 | 1.68 | 1.61 to 1.74 |
| Low wages | ||||
| Q1 (lowest exposure) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Q2 | 0.92 | 0.89 to 0.95 | 0.69 | 0.66 to 0.72 |
| Q3 | 1.43 | 1.39 to 1.47 | 0.72 | 0.69 to 0.75 |
| Q4 (highest exposure) | 1.84 | 1.79 to 1.89 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.02 |
| Irregular hours | ||||
| Q1 (lowest exposure) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Q2 | 4.05 | 3.89 to 4.22 | 2.27 | 2.16 to 2.39 |
| Q3 | 5.89 | 5.66 to 6.13 | 2.76 | 2.62 to 2.91 |
| Q4 (highest exposure) | 7.37 | 7.08 to 7.67 | 3.30 | 3.14 to 3.47 |
| Involuntary part-time employment | ||||
| Q1 (lowest exposure) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Q2 | 0.92 | 0.88 to 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.80 to 0.88 |
| Q3 | 1.74 | 1.67 to 1.81 | 1.20 | 1.14 to 1.25 |
| Q4 (highest exposure) | 2.80 | 2.69 to 2.92 | 2.13 | 2.04 to 2.22 |
| Multidimensional exposure | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 2.05 | 1.99 to 2.11 | 1.24 | 1.18 to 1.29 |
| High | 2.81 | 2.73 to 2.89 | 1.65 | 1.58 to 1.72 |
| Very high | 2.82 | 2.74 to 2.90 | 2.00 | 1.92 to 2.08 |
Model 1 is adjusted for sex, age and year; model 2 is adjusted for sex, age, year, physical demands and other workplace hazards; multidimensional exposure was assessed in terms of the number of times a given occupation was assigned the highest possible exposure level (ie, Q4), distinguishing between occupations with ‘low’ (ie, never assigned to Q4), ‘moderate’ (ie, assigned to Q4 once), ‘high’ (ie, assigned to Q4 twice) and ‘very high’ (ie, assigned to Q4 three or more times) overall exposures.
Q, quartile; RR, rate ratio.