Fischer14
| 1999 | USA | Cross-sectional | 246 Air Force active-duty women on flying status |
Crew position: pilot, navigator, flight surgeon, weapon system operator/electronic warfare officer, load master Type of aircraft: high gravity, low gravity, not flying Total flying hours and average flying hours per month
| UI |
Crew position Navigator: AOR=2.42, 95% CI=1.12 to 5.21 Weapon system operator/electronic warfare officer: AOR=5.13, 95% CI=1.56 to 16.84
Type of aircraft: not significantly associated Total flying hours and average flying hours per month: not significantly associated
|
Zhang7
| 2005 | China | Cross-sectional | 6066 women aged 20 years and older in Fuzhou (labour worker 18.7%) | Labour worker | LUTS (BFLUTS) | Labour worker (compared with the unemployed)LUTS: AOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.55 to 0.80 Storage symptoms: AOR=0.61, 95% CI=0.50 to 0.74 Voiding symptom: AOR=0.94, 95% CI=0.72 to 1.23
|
Liao9
| 2008 | Taipei | Cross-sectional | 445 female elementary schoolteachers |
Environmental factors Adequacy of bathroom breaks Adequacy of toilet facility Availability of relief persons
Job conditions
| LUTS | Urinary incontinence
|
Avasarala20
| 2008 | India | Cross-sectional | 75 housewives, 75 working women and 180 adolescent girls | Prolonged sitting Type of toilets | LUTS | Prolonged sitting and bad toilet were contributing to LUTS among working women (X2=6.99, p<0.01) |
Wang8
| 2011 | China | Cross-sectional | 14 844 men and women aged >18 years | Manual worker | OAB (OABSS) | Manual worker
|
Zhang19
| 2013 | China | Cross-sectional | 1070 registered female nurses with one or more years of nursing experience | Occupational stressRole overload Role insufficiency Role ambiguity Role boundary Responsibility Physical environment
Psychological strainVocational strain Interpersonal strain Physical strain
Coping resources
| OAB |
Most of the subscales of occupational stress and psychological strain showed higher results for nurses with OAB than for those OAB-free Physical environment and interpersonal strain were positively associated with urgency, while rational/cognitive coping was negatively associated Role insufficiency, role ambiguity, psychological strain and level of recreation were somewhat associated with OAB risk Role ambiguity and physical environment were shown to have positive effects on frequency, as well recreation and rational/cognitive coping, which warrants careful interpretation
|
Amaral10
| 2015 | Portugal | Cross-sectional | 505 women with UI who attended the urology and gynaecology services of four hospitals in central Portugal (47.3% employment) |
Employment status Sitting hours per day Frequently carrying more than 3 kg in weight
| UI |
Employed women (compared with unemployed/retired) Stress UI: AOR=0.68, 95% CI=0.45 to 1.04 Urge UI: AOR=1.67, 95% CI=1.16 to 2.41 Mixed UI: AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.03 to 2.26
Hours seated/day longer than 2 hours (compared with less than 2 hours) Stress UI: AOR=1.34, 95% CI=0.86 to 2.09 Urge UI: AOR=0.64, 95% CI=0.43 to 0.94 Mixed UI: AOR=0.57, 95% CI=0.38 to 0.86
Frequently carry >3 kg in weight Stress UI: AOR=0.76, 95% CI=0.39 to 1.49 Urge UI: AOR=0.60, 95% CI=0.35 to 1.02 Mixed UI: AOR=0.47, 95% CI=0.27 to 0.80
|
Kaya22
| 2016 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 281 women
| Being too busy to drink fluid at work Reduced fluid consumption at work Drinking no fluid until being thirsty at work Delaying urinating at work Adequacy of toilet facility Availability of another person when one is at toilet Heavy lifting at work | LUTS |
There were no significant differences in the prevalence of any type of LUTS between nurse and secretary groups In the following situations, participants had experienced at least one more type of LUTS than the others Too busy to drink (p=0.011) Did not drink fluids until feeling thirsty (p=0.001) Did not have adequate toilet facilities (p=0.015) Delayed urinating (p=0.001) Did not have anyone to do their work when they were at the toilet (p=0.023) Lifting heavy loads at work (p=0.003)
|
Kim21
| 2017 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 2985 working women and 2943 unemployed women (using data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) |
Occupational status Job classification Employment status Work type Working hours Work schedule pattern
Occupational environment Unclean and uncomfortable workplace Dangerous job and probability of accidents Feeling pressed for time Awkward position for long periods Carrying heavy weights
| UI |
Compared with unemployed women Paid workers: AOR=1.81, 95% CI=1.20 to 2.73 Self-employed workers: AOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.05 to 2.03 Working in services/sales: AOR=1.62, 95% CI=1.21 to 2.19 Daytime work schedule: AOR=2.14, 95% CI=1.18 to 3.87 Evening work schedule: AOR=1.35, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.74
UI was significantly associated with various occupational environments: an unclean and uncomfortable workplace, dangerous job and probability of accidents, feeling pressed for time, awkward position for long periods and carrying heavy weights
|
Palmer16
| 2018 | USA | Cross-sectional | 182 employed women who were working at a large academic medical centre | Among toileting behaviours (TB-WEB)
| UI (ICIQ-SF) OAB (ICIQ-OAB) | Wait too long (strong need to urinate or actual leakage) when I have to empty my bladder at work between urinary urgency: AOR=7.85, 95% CI=1.57 to 39.24 |
Reynolds17
| 2019 | USA | Cross-sectional | 3062 full-time working women | Limit use of the bathroom at work | LUTS (ICIQ-FLUTS) | Limit restroom use at workUrgency: AOR=1.39, 95% CI=1.04 to 1.86 Stress incontinence: AOR=1.33, 95% CI=1.01 to 1.76 UI/monthly: AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.18 to 1.94)
|
Xu18
| 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | 400 operating room nurses in five hospitals
|
Nurse job stress scale Occupational stressor: heavy workloads, low salary, lack of an opportunity for promotion, fear of making a mistake in treating a patient, low social status, lack of an opportunity to continue education, frequent night shifts, not enough staff to adequately cover the unit, too many non-nursing tasks required, not enough time to provide emotional support to a patient
Work role
| OAB (OABSS) |
Occupational stress: AOR=1.026, p<0.001 Scrub nurse: AOR=4.636, p<0.001
|
Salgado-Maldonado23
| 2020 | Chile | Cross-sectional | 371 female patients aged 30 years and older | Hard workDefined as ‘work that requires many hours of standing, moving heavy objects (greater than 20 kg), going up and down stairs, or more than 8 hours of work daily’
| UI | Hard work: AOR=2.29, 95% Cl=1.45 to 3.62 |
Nerbass24
| 2021 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 133 female workers employed in five nephrology centres (66 nurses and 67 controls) | The nursing staffPerformed their activities in dialysis rooms Toilets and water supplies were available outside of the dialysis rooms Due to infection control regulations, water bottles are not permitted in the nurse workstations
| Urinary tract symptoms and infection episodes | Nurse group showed higher prevalence ofBurning sensation: 50% vs 27%, p<0.001 Urinary urgency: 42% vs 21%, p<0.001 Infection: 42% vs 25%, p=0.04
|
Kim15
| 2022 | USA | Cross-sectional | 30 213 women aged 20 years and older (using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) | Physical activity levels at work | UI | Moderate intensity workStress UI: AOR=0.84, 95% CI=0.70 to 0.99 Urge UI: AOR=0.84, 95% CI=0.70 to 0.99 Mixed UI: AOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.45 to 0.97
Vigorous-intensity workStress UI: AOR=0.98, 95% CI=0.76 to 1.26 Urge UI: AOR=1.00, 95% CI=0.74 to 1.34 Mixed UI: AOR=1.18, 95% CI=0.76 to 1.82
|
Alamdari25
| 2022 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 228 nurses148 female (64.9%) 80 male (35.1%)
| Shift work | LUTS | A significant relationship was observed between LUTS and shift work in female staff (p=0.037) |