Effects of universal interventions for supporting mental health at the workplace
| Subtypes of interventions | Outcome domain | Specific outcome | k | n | SMD (95% CI) | P value | I 2 (95% CI) | Certainty* | Source |
| Psychosocial, physical activity or lifestyle (various types) | Positive MH | SWB | 54 | NA | 0.51 (0.31 to 0.71) | <0.01 | 87 (84 to 90) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Sakuraya, 202030 |
| QoL and Funct. | QoL | 9 | NA | 0.77 (0.28 to 1.26) | 0.02 | 82 (67 to 90) | ⊕◯◯◯ | ||
| Physical activity or lifestyle (various types) | Work related | Work ability | 9 | 1502 | 0.12 (0.01 to 0.22) | 0.03 | 8 (0 to 68) | ⊕⊕⊕◯ | Oakman, 201831 |
| Physical activity | Positive MH | SWB | 12 | NA | 0.58 (NA) | 0.1 | 92 (88 to 95) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Sakuraya, 202030 |
| Psychosocial (various types) | MH symptoms | Burnout (Exhaust.) | 25 | NA | 0.17 (0.03 to 0.32) | <0.05 | NA | ⊕◯◯◯ | Maricuţoiu, 201623 |
| Burnout (Depers.) | 23 | NA | −0.008 (−0.15 to 0.13) | ns | NA | ⊕◯◯◯ | |||
| Burnout (Pers. Acc.) | 23 | NA | 0.1 (−0.07 to 0.28) | ns | NA | ⊕◯◯◯ | |||
| Insomnia | 14 | 1620 | MD (ISI): 2.21 (1.06 to 3.36) | 0.0002 | 88 (82 to 92) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Vega-Escaño, 202032 | ||
| Psychosocial (mindfulness and contemplative) | MH symptoms | General distress | 16 | 1161 | 0.49 (0.32 to 0.66) | NA | 70 (50 to 82) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | Slemp, 201933 |
| Positive MH | SWB | 13 | NA | 0.86 (0.19 to 1.53) | 0.03 | 90 (85 to 94) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Sakuraya, 202030 | |
| Psychosocial (CBT-based) | Positive MH | SWB | 11 | NA | 0.22 (0.04 to 0.40) | 0.03 | 70 (44 to 84) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Sakuraya, 202030 |
| Psychosocial (various types, delivered through e-health) | MH symptoms | Stress, depression, psychosocial distress | 12 | 2954 | 0.25 (0.11 to 0.40) | <0.001 | 71 (47 to 84) | ⊕⊕⊕◯ | Carolan, 201722 |
| Stress | 13 | NA | 0.27 (0.15 to 0.39) | <0.001 | 25 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | Phillips, 201933 | ||
| Depression | 6 | NA | 0.2 (0.03 to 0.35) | <0.05 | 41 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | |||
| Anxiety | 6 | NA | 0.2 (−0.04 to 0.44) | ns | 59 (NA) | ⊕◯◯◯ | |||
| Burnout—overall | 2 | NA | 0.26 (0.02 to 0.50) | <0.05 | 0 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | |||
| Insomnia | 2 | NA | 0.45 (−0.16 to 1.06) | ns | 59 (NA) | ⊕◯◯◯ | |||
| Positive MH | Well-being | 7 | NA | 0.35 (0.25 to 0.46) | <0.001 | 0 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | ||
| Mindfulness | 5 | NA | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.6) | <0.001 | 0 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | |||
| Work related | Work effectiveness | 6 | 1116 | 0.18 (0.06 to 0.30) | 0.003 | 0 (0 to 75) | ⊕⊕⊕⊕ | Carolan, 201722 | |
| Psychosocial (mindfulness and contemplative, delivered through e-health) | MH symptoms | Depression, anxiety, stress | 6 | 414 | 0.6 (0.34 to 0.85) | <0.001 | 0 (0 to 75) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | Stratton, 201729 |
| Psychosocial (CBT, delivered through e-health) | MH symptoms | Depression, anxiety, stress | 6 | 1733 | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.26) | 0.001 | 13 (NA) | ⊕⊕◯◯ | Stratton, 201729 |
| Psychosocial (stress management, delivered through e-health) | MH symptoms | Depression, anxiety, stress | 4 | 1189 | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.09) | 0.57 | 0 (NA) | ⊕◯◯◯ | Stratton, 201729 |
k is based on the number of comparisons between interventions and control conditions included in the analyses.
Subtypes of interventions: This column specifies the major intervention categories (psychosocial, physical activity, lifestyle) as well as the content of the interventions included (eg, CBT-based, mindfulness, etc). When a meta-analysis included various interventions with different contents pooled together, we specified it as ‘various types’. When we specified ‘delivered through e-health’, it meant that all interventions included in a meta-analysis were delivered through e-health technologies.
*Certainty levels: ⊕◯◯◯=very low, ⊕⊕◯◯=low, ⊕⊕⊕◯=moderate, ⊕⊕⊕⊕=high.
CBT, cognitive–behavioural therapy; Depers., depersonalisation; Exhaust., exhaustion; Funct., functioning; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; k, number of studies or comparisons included in the analysis; MD, mean difference; MH, mental health; n, number of participants in the analysis; NA, not reported in the review or not possible to impute or calculate; ns, not significant; Pers. Acc., personal accomplishment; QoL, quality of life; SMD, standardised mean difference; SWB, subjective well-being.