Table 5

Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between nature exposure and asthma medication use

Asthma medication use*
Model 1†Model 2‡Model 3§
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Amount of residential green space¶ (n=5983)1.071.01 to 1.161.070.99 to 1.141.060.99 to 1.14
Frequency of green space visits (n=5881)
Never/<1 time per weekrefrefrefrefrefref
1–2 times/week0.810.65 to 1.020.850.68 to 1.070.850.68 to 1.07
3–4 times/week0.690.54 to 0.870.740.58 to 0.950.740.58 to 0.94
≥5 times/week0.720.56 to 0.930.760.59 to 0.990.760.59 to 0.99
Green view from home (n=5937)
Norefrefrefrefrefref
Yes, I look at it seldom/occasionally1.130.90 to 1.411.110.89 to 1.391.110.88 to 1.39
Yes, I look at it often1.080.87 to 1.331.100.90 to 1.361.100.89 to 1.36
Amount of residential blue space (n=5983)
0%refrefrefrefrefref
>0%–10%1.030.86 to 1.231.030.86 to 1.231.030.86 to 1.23
>10%0.930.74 to 1.171.000.79 to 1.280.990.77 to 1.26
Blue view from home (n=5946)
Norefrefrefrefrefref
Yes, I look at it seldom/occasionally0.800.51 to 1.240.810.52 to 1.260.800.52 to 1.26
Yes, I look at it often1.000.75 to 1.341.070.80 to 1.441.060.79 to 1.43
  • *Based on the question ’When was the last time you used the following medication?’ Within the last week/1–4 weeks ago/1–12 months ago=YES; never/more than a year ago=NO.

  • †Model 1 (crude) adjusted for age and sex.

  • ‡Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, annual household income, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity at work, using recreational property during warm season and area-level annual mean income.

  • §Model 3 (main) adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, annual household income, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity at work, using recreational property during warm season, area-level annual mean income, road traffic noise and NO2 from road traffic.

  • ¶Within a 1 km radius around the respondent’s home, calculated for 10% increase.