Table 3

Adjusted effect estimates (β and 95% CIs) for birth size outcomes in association with type of cooking biomass fuels

Birth size z-score*Untransformed birth size measures†
Birth weight (N=1135)Birth length
(N=1132)
Head circumference (N=1134)Birth weight (g)
(N=1137)
Birth length (cm) (N=1137)Head circumference (cm) (N=1136)
β (95% CI)β (95% CI)β (95% CI)β (95% CI)β (95% CI)β (95% CI)
Crop residues−0.11 (−0.24 to 0.02) p=0.09−0.13 (−0.25 to 0.01) p=0.03−0.14 (−0.27 to 0.02)
p=0.03
−41.49 (−89.45 to 6.48)
p=0.09
−0.26 (−0.57 to 0.04) p=0.09−0.17 (−0.32 to 0.01)
p=0.03
FuelwoodReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  • The n’s differ in z-score outcomes: missing in birthweight z-score (n=2) and head circumference z-score (n=2) due to 22 weeks of gestation (n=1) and 28 weeks of gestation (n=1), respectively, and missing in birth length z-score (n=5) due to 22 weeks of gestation (n=1), 28 weeks of gestation (n=1) and 29 weeks of gestation (n=3) with having the same value of birth length.

  • *Models adjusted for maternal age, maternal enrolment BMI, infant gender, income, SHS exposure, study site and time spent cooking per day.

  • †Models adjusted for maternal age, maternal enrolment BMI, infant gender, income, SHS exposure, study site, time spent cooking per day and gestational age.

  • BMI, body mass index; SHS, secondhand smoke.