Association of demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample with COVID-19 case status
| Non-COVID-19 case | COVID-19 case | RR* (95% CI) | |
| N | 58 440 | 4408 | – |
| Person-years | 69 491.3 | 3909.1 | – |
| Age, years | 54.6 (19.4) | 53.2 (20.0) | 0.92 (0.91 to 0.94)† |
| Men, n (%) | 27 355 (46.8%) | 2011 (45.6%) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.02) |
| Living in a residential care home, n (%) | 247 (0.4%) | 160 (3.6%) | 10.6 (9.0 to 12.4) |
| Population density, persons/km2, n (%) | |||
| <735 persons/km2 | 6494 (11.1%) | 472 (10.7%) | Reference |
| 736–1739 persons/km2 | 4650 (8.0%) | 333 (7.8%) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) |
| 1740–2939 persons/km2 | 11 925 (20.4%) | 940 (21.3%) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.19) |
| >2940 persons/km2 | 35 371 (60.5%) | 2663 (60.4%) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.11) |
| History of drug treatment, n (%)‡ | |||
| Diabetes | 3238 (5.6%) | 257 (5.8%) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.34) |
| Antihypertensive | 17 358 (29.7%) | 1231 (27.9%) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) |
| Lipid-lowering | 8432 (14.4%) | 568 (12.9%) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.04) |
| Treatment for obstructive airway diseases | 4816 (8.2%) | 402 (9.1%) | 1.17 (1.05 to 1.30) |
| Positive history, n (%)§ | |||
| Coronary heart disease | 1105 (1.9%) | 88 (2.0%) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.33) |
| Stroke | 1017 (1.7%) | 118 (2.7%) | 1.29 (1.07 to 1.56) |
| Cancer | 1771 (3.0%) | 130 (3.0%) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.27) |
| COPD | 591 (1.0%) | 57 (1.3%) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) |
*Rate ratio (RR) from Poisson regression model.
†Rate ratio (RR) for 10-year increase in age.
‡At least one prescription during the year 2019. ATC classes: diabetes (A10); antihypertensive (C02, C03, C07, C08, C09); lipid-lowering (C10); treatment for obstructive airway diseases (R03).
§At least one hospital discharge record between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019. ICD-9 codes: coronary heart disease (410–414); stroke (430–438); cancer (140–208); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (490–496).