Associations of daily steps and cardiovascular load (n=19)
| Workdays | Non-workdays | P value | ||||
| Step count/day* | 12 772 (945) | 7923 (1063) | <0.001 | |||
| β (SE) | P value† | β (SE) | P value† | Interaction P value | Effect Size (f2)‡ | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | ||||||
| 24-hour | 0.714 (0.143) | <0.001 | 0.688 (0.248) | 0.006 | 0.922 | 0.00 |
| Waking | 0.803 (0.144) | <0.001 | 0.681 (0.249) | 0.006 | 0.652 | 0.00 |
| Nocturnal | 0.390 (0.169) | 0.021 | 0.224 (0.314) | 0.476 | 0.632 | 0.00 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | ||||||
| 24-hour | −0.026 (0.270) | 0.925 | −0.010 (0.436) | 0.982 | 0.976 | 0.00 |
| Waking | 0.108 (0.263) | 0.683 | 0.107 (0.423) | 0.800 | 0.999 | 0.00 |
| Nocturnal | −0.317 (0.436) | 0.467 | −0.252 (0.736) | 0.732 | 0.940 | 0.00 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | ||||||
| 24-hour | 0.127 (0.158) | 0.422 | 0.120 (0.249) | 0.631 | 0.981 | 0.00 |
| Waking | 0.308 (0.175) | 0.078 | 0.388 (0.274) | 0.157 | 0.804 | 0.00 |
| Nocturnal | −0.155 (0.224) | 0.489 | −0.152 (0.362) | 0.676 | 0.994 | 0.00 |
All coefficients represent a unit change in outcome per 1000 step change.
All models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, fitness, and the resting value of the outcome of interest (except for HRV).
*Presented as least squared means (SE).
†P values indicate the probability of the associated beta-coefficient being equal to 0.
‡The magnitude of effect (f2) is calculated for the interaction term and can be interpreted as small: f2 ≥0.02, medium: f2 ≥0.15, and large: f2 ≥0.35.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HRV, heart rate variability; β (SE), beta coefficient (SE).