Pathogens by specific job title or broader occupational groups
| Occupational group | ISCO code | Pathogen |
| Abattoir workers and related food preparers | 7511 | (Methicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, (swine (H3N2/H1N2) influenza virus, (avian) influenza virus (H9/H9N2), Avian metapneumovirus, Bacillus anthracis, Brucella abortus spp, Campylobacter spp, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Francisella tulariensis (=), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira borgpetersenii/hardjo/interrogans/pomona, Rift Valley fever virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, S. aureus (=), Streptococcus pyogenes, Toxocara canis, Toxoplasma gondii (=) |
| Airline personnel | 5111 | Hepatitis E virus, measles morbilivirus |
| Animal carers | 5164 | Bartonella hensalae, Borrelia burgdorferi, B. canis, Capillaria hepatica, C. psittaci, C. burnetii, hantavirus (=), (canine H3N8 (=)) influenza virus, Leptospira spp, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mouse retroviruses (XMRV (=)/MLV (=)), simian foamy virus, simian parvovirus, simian type D retrovirus, T. canis, T. gondii (≈) |
| Archaeologists | 211 | Coccidioides immitis |
| Armed forces | 0000 | (Methicillin-susceptible) S. aureus, adenovirus (7/11A/B), astrovirus, chikungunya virus, C. pneumoniae, coxsackie virus (A6), C. burnetii, dengue virus, ECHO virus, hepatitis A/B/C (≈)/E virus, influenza A(H1N1/H3N2/H1N1pdm09)/B virus, Legionella spp, Leishmania spp, Leptospira spp, measles morbilivirus, Microsporum canis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mumps rubulavirus, norovirus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Plasmodium falciparum/ovale/vivax, respiratory syncytial virus, Ross River virus, non-typhoidal Salmonella enteretica, sapovirus, Sarcoptes scabiei, SARS-CoV-2 virus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Trypanosomi cruzii (=), Yersinia enterocolica |
| Bar workers | 513 | HIV (=) |
| Barbers | 5141 | Hepatitis B virus (=) |
| Building workers | 711 | C. immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Cash collectors | 523 | M. tuberculosis |
| Civil engineering labourers | 9312 | Legionella pneumophila |
| Cleaners | 515 | Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, M. tuberculosis |
| Divers | 7541 | Campylobacter jejuni, enteroviruses, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Farm workers, crops | 6111 | B. burgdorferi, Clostridium tetani, C. immitis, C. burnetii, E. coli, F. tularensis, Leishmania spp, L. borgpetersenii/spp, Strongyloides stercoralis, tick-borne encephalitis virus (=), Toscana virus (=), T. canis, usutu virus (=), West Nile virus (=) |
| Firefighters | 5411 | Cryptosporidium parvum |
| Fishmongers | 7511 | Anasakis simplex, hepatitis E virus |
| Forestry workers | 6210 | Anaplasma phagocytophilum, B. henselae, B. burgdorferi/miyamotoi, C. burnetii, Francisella tularensis, hantavirus, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira spp (=), Rickettsia conorii, R. helvetica, tick-borne encephalitis virus (≈),Toscana virus (=), T. gondii, usutu virus (=), West Nile virus (=) |
| Gardeners | 6113 | F. tularensis |
| Hotel workers | 9112 | L. pneumophila |
| Livestock and dairy producers | 6121 | (Methicillin-resistant) S. aureus, extended pectrum β-lactamase (≈/AmpC-producing E. coli, (equine (H3N8 (=))/swine/avian (H4 (=)/H5 (=)/H6 (=)/H7 (=)/H8 (=)/H9 (=)/H10 (=)/H11 (=)/H5N1/H5N2/H11N1/H9N2/H7N9) influenza virus, B. anthracis, B. burgdorferi (≈), Brucella spp (≈), Campylobacter spp, C. psittaci, C. tetani, C. burnetii, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis E virus, Leishmania spp, L. icterohaemorrhagiae/spp, M. bovis, Rift Valley fever virus, Salmonella spp (≈), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, S. suis, S. stercoralis, T. canis, T. gondii (≈), West Nile virus |
| Livestock farm labourers | 9212 | (Methicillin-resistant) S. aureus, (multidrug-resistant) S. aureus, (methicillin-resistant) coagulase-negative staphylococci, extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC-producing E. coli, STEC O157/non-(STEC) O157, (avian (H4 (=)/H5 (=)/H6 (=)/H7 (=)/H8 (=)/H9 (=)/H10 (=)/H9N2/H5N2/H7N3/H11N1/H5N1/ H7N9)/swine(H2N3 (=)/H3N2v/H1N1/H3N2/(H1N1)pdm09)/H1N2) influenza virus, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, B. burgdorferi, Brucella spp, Campylobacter spp, Candida albicans, C. psittaci, Clostridium spp*, Clostridium tetani, C. burnetii, C. parvum, H. pylori, hepatitis E virus, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, Moraxella spp*, M. bovis, Prevotella spp*, R. conorii, R. felis, Rift Valley fever virus, non-typhoidal S. enteretica, S. stercoralis, T. canis, T. gondii, West Nile virus |
| Manicurists | 5142 | Hepatitis B virus (=), hepatitis C virus (=), HIV (=) |
| Mining and mineral processing plant operators | 811 | (Panton-Valentine leucocidin-producing methicillin-susceptible) S. aureus, Leptospira spp, Marburg virus, measles morbillivirus, M. tuberculosis, Sporothrix schenckii |
| Office clerks | 4110 | Mumps rubulavirus |
| Plant and machine operators and assemblers (metal and textile/leather) | 812, 815 | B. anthracis, C. burnetii, H. capsulatum, L. pneumophila, measles morbillivirus, mumps rubulavirus, M. chelonae, N. meningitidis C, S. enteritidis, S. pyogenes, norovirus |
| Police officers | 5412 | HIV (=), mumps rubulavirus, varicella zoster virus |
| Prison guards | 5413 | M. tuberculosis |
| Professional drivers (bus or taxi) | 8322 | Legionella spp, M. tuberculosis |
| Sex workers (female, male, cis or transgender, internet escort) | 5168 | C. trachomatis, hepatitis B virus (≈), hepatitis C virus (≈), herpes simplex virus-2, HIV (≈), human papilloma virus (type 6/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/53, 56/58/59/66/67/68), human T-lymphotrophic virus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum (≈), Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Ship’s stewards | 5111 | SARS-CoV-2 virus |
| Shop salespersons | 522 | SARS-CoV-2 virus |
| Social workers | 3412 | M. tuberculosis, Shigella sonnei |
| Teachers, primary | 2341 | Cytomegalovirus, N. meningitidis |
| Technicians | 313 | Mumps rubulavirus |
| Television crew | 265 | C. immitis |
| Waste collectors | 9611 | Blastocystis hominis (=), Brucella spp, C. burnetii, Cryptosporidium spp (=), Entameuba histolytica (=), Giardia intestinalis (=), H. pylori, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (≈), hepatitis E virus (=), Leptospira spp (=), T. gondii |
| Wastewater workers | 3132 | (Antibiotic-resistant) coagulase-negative staphylococci, (methicillin-resistant) S. aureus (=), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (=), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (=), vancomycin-susceptible enterococci, H. pylori (=), hepatitis A virus (≈), hepatitis E virus (≈), H. capsulatum |
| Welders | 7212 | S. pneumoniae |
Marked in bold are occupational groups or pathogens that were not yet described by studies in the former review of Haagsma et al.2 Pathogens with a possible portal of entry by inhalation (via the respiratory tract) are highlighted.
=, no increased risk when compared with a control group from the general population; ≈, some studies revealed no increased risk while other studies showed an increased risk.
*Nasopharyngeal microbiota content.
ISCO, International Standard Classification of Occupation; MRV, murine leukemia viruses; STEC, Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia. coli ; XMRV, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus.