Severe COVID-19 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
Broad occupational groups of essential workers | ||||||
Non-essential workers (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Healthcare workers | 7.43*** (5.52 to 10.00) | 8.45*** (6.22 to 11.47) | 7.57*** (5.50 to 10.41) | 8.44*** (6.21 to 11.46) | 8.53*** (6.29 to 11.58) | 7.69*** (5.58 to 10.60) |
Social and education workers | 1.84** (1.21 to 2.82) | 2.00** (1.30 to 3.08) | 1.90** (1.22 to 2.94) | 1.99** (1.29 to 3.06) | 1.97** (1.28 to 3.03) | 1.88** (1.21 to 2.91) |
Other essential workers | 1.60* (1.05 to 2.45) | 1.30 (0.85 to 1.98) | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.80) | 1.30 (0.85 to 1.98) | 1.27 (0.83 to 1.94) | 1.15 (0.75 to 1.77) |
Detailed occupational groups of essential workers | ||||||
Non-essential workers (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Healthcare professionals | 6.19*** (3.68 to 10.43) | 8.62*** (4.98 to 14.94) | 8.26*** (4.77 to 14.28) | 8.70*** (5.02 to 15.06) | 9.33*** (5.40 to 16.14) | 8.99*** (5.20 to 15.54) |
Medical support staff | 8.70*** (4.87 to 15.55) | 7.43*** (4.17 to 13.25) | 6.48*** (3.62 to 11.58) | 7.39*** (4.13 to 13.19) | 7.33*** (4.13 to 13.02) | 6.42*** (3.60 to 11.45) |
Health associate professionals | 7.53*** (5.44 to 10.43) | 8.54*** (6.13 to 11.90) | 7.61*** (5.33 to 10.87) | 8.52*** (6.11 to 11.88) | 8.54*** (6.12 to 11.92) | 7.65*** (5.34 to 10.95) |
Social care workers | 2.46*** (1.47 to 4.14) | 2.38** (1.42 to 4.00) | 2.19** (1.29 to 3.72) | 2.36** (1.40 to 3.97) | 2.31** (1.37 to 3.88) | 2.13** (1.25 to 3.63) |
Education workers | 1.36 (0.75 to 2.48) | 1.61 (0.88 to 2.96) | 1.59 (0.86 to 2.92) | 1.61 (0.88 to 2.95) | 1.62 (0.88 to 2.96) | 1.59 (0.87 to 2.91) |
Food workers | 1.12 (0.52 to 2.42) | 0.93 (0.43 to 1.98) | 0.85 (0.40 to 1.83) | 0.93 (0.43 to 1.98) | 0.92 (0.43 to 1.96) | 0.84 (0.39 to 1.80) |
Transport workers | 2.20** (1.21 to 4.00) | 1.66 (0.91 to 3.01) | 1.48 (0.81 to 2.70) | 1.66 (0.91 to 3.01) | 1.58 (0.87 to 2.90) | 1.43 (0.78 to 2.63) |
Police and protective service workers | 1.55 (0.72 to 3.32) | 1.36 (0.63 to 2.93) | 1.21 (0.56 to 2.64) | 1.35 (0.62 to 2.92) | 1.32 (0.61 to 2.86) | 1.19 (0.55 to 2.58) |
SOC 2000 major occupational groups | ||||||
Managers and senior officials (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Professional occupations | 1.36 (0.85 to 2.18) | 1.47 (0.91 to 2.36) | 1.49 (0.92 to 2.41) | 1.47 (0.91 to 2.36) | 1.51 (0.94 to 2.43) | 1.53 (0.95 to 2.48) |
Associate professional and technical occupations | 3.19*** (2.10 to 4.85) | 3.11*** (2.05 to 4.72) | 2.73*** (1.77 to 4.23) | 3.10*** (2.04 to 4.71) | 3.15*** (2.08 to 4.79) | 2.78*** (1.79 to 4.29) |
Administrative and secretarial occupations | 1.24 (0.73 to 2.12) | 1.14 (0.67 to 1.95) | 1.22 (0.71 to 2.11) | 1.14 (0.67 to 1.94) | 1.17 (0.68 to 2.00) | 1.24 (0.72 to 2.15) |
Skilled trades occupations | 0.82 (0.39 to 1.74) | 0.67 (0.31 to 1.44) | 0.49 (0.22 to 1.06) | 0.68 (0.32 to 1.45) | 0.69 (0.32 to 1.49) | 0.50 (0.23 to 1.09) |
Personal service occupations | 2.73*** (1.56 to 4.76) | 2.31** (1.32 to 4.03) | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.10) | 2.29** (1.32 to 4.00) | 2.33** (1.34 to 4.06) | 1.77 (1.00 to 3.13) |
Sales and customer service occupations | 1.36 (0.59 to 3.17) | 1.09 (0.46 to 2.57) | 0.91 (0.38 to 2.18) | 1.08 (0.46 to 2.55) | 1.08 (0.46 to 2.56) | 0.90 (0.38 to 2.16) |
Process, plant and machine operatives | 2.39** (1.31 to 4.36) | 1.82 (0.99 to 3.34) | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.36) | 1.81 (0.99 to 3.33) | 1.81 (0.99 to 3.34) | 1.26 (0.67 to 2.37) |
Elementary occupations | 1.76 (0.92 to 3.34) | 1.29 (0.65 to 2.53) | 0.87 (0.43 to 1.75) | 1.28 (0.65 to 2.52) | 1.31 (0.67 to 2.59) | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.79) |
Observations | 120 075 | 120 075 | 120 075 | 120 075 | 120 075 | 120 075 |
Coefficients for the covariates not shown.
Model 1: Adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, country of birth.
Model 2: Model 1+socioeconomic deprivation quartile, education level.
Model 3: Model 2+shift work, manual work, job tenure, working hours.
Model 4: Model 2+number of chronic conditions, long-standing illness/disability.
Model 5: Model 2+BMI category, smoking status, alcohol consumption.
Model 6: All above covariates.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
BMI, body mass index; SOC, Standard Occupation Classification.