Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Design | Intervention type | Outcome measure | Total effect of WHPPs |
| Bergström et al 20 | CT | I | Proportion of smokers. | T10 (3 years): change in proportion intervention groups-reference group: −0.09 to −0.92 (3 of the 4 companies, p<0.05). |
| Proportion of workers performing regular exercise (≥2 times/week). | T10 (3 years): change in proportion intervention groups–reference group: −0.10 to 1.09 (none of the 4 companies, p<0.05). | |||
| Sorensen et al 21 | Cluster-RCT | II and III | Proportion of workers eating ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables/day. | T1 (18 months): intervention: +5.4%, control: +1.7% (p=0.41). |
| Proportion of workers eating ≤3 servings of red meat/week. | T1 (18 months): intervention: +4.1%, control: +3.0% (p=0.72). | |||
| Proportion of workers performing ≥2.5 hours of PA/week. | T1 (18 months): intervention: +5.4%, control: −0.9% (p=0.23). | |||
| Sorensen et al 27 | Cluster-RCT | II and III | Mean percentage of kilocalories from fat. | T1 (2 years): intervention: −3.36%, control: −1.55% (p=0.01). |
| Mean grams of fibre per 1000 kilocalories. | T1 (2 years): intervention: +8%, control: +5% (p=0.08). | |||
| Mean servings of fruits and vegetables. | T1 (2 years): intervention: +9.4%, control: +3.9% (p=0.04). | |||
| 6-month smoking abstinence. | T1 (2 years): intervention: 15%, control: 9% (p=0.123). | |||
| Sorensen et al 28 | Cluster-RCT | I and II | 6-month smoking abstinence. | T1 (24 months): OR=1.57 (p=0.17). |
| Mean servings of fruits and vegetables. | T1 (24 months): intervention: −0.10, control: +0.05 (p=0.24). | |||
| Cook et al 22 | RCT | II | The frequency with which respondents exercise control over their eating during the past 30 days. | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 0.07 (95% CI −0.01 to 0.15, p=0.08). |
| Body mass index (kg/m2). | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 0.07 (95% CI −0.28 to 0.41, p=0 .70). | |||
| Frequency of strenuous exercise per week. | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: −0.11 (95% CI −0.52 to 0.31, p=0.61). | |||
| Frequency of moderate exercise per week. | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 0.47 (95% CI −0.01 to 0.96, p=0.06). | |||
| Frequency of mild exercise per week. | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 1.03 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.81, p=0.01). | |||
| Frequency of overall exercise per week (sum of previous 3). | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 4.98 (95% CI −0.66 to 10.62, p=0.08). | |||
| Frequency of activity long enough to work up a sweat. | T1 (3 months): difference intervention − control: 0.08 (95% CI −0.08 to 0.23, p=0.33). | |||
| Robroek et al 23 | Cluster-RCT | II | Proportion of workers performing sufficient moderate and vigorous intensity (30 min a day or more). | T1 (12 months): OR=1.07 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.55). T2 (24 months): OR=1.01 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.52). |
| Proportion of workers performing sufficient vigorous intensity (at least 3 days a week 20 min or more). | T1 (12 months): OR=1.04 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.52). T2 (24 months): OR=0.67 (95% CI 0.44 to 1.03). | |||
| Proportion of workers meeting guidelines of fruit intake (200 g or more a day). | T1 (12 months): OR=1.18 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.72). T2 (24 months): OR=1.22 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.87). | |||
| Proportion of workers meeting guidelines of vegetable intake (200 g or more a day). | T1 (12 months): OR=0.96 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.37). T2 (24 months): OR=0.75 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.12). | |||
| Proportion of workers with obesity (≥30 kg/m2). | T1 (12 months): OR=1.56 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.79). T2 (24 months): OR=1.57 (95% CI 0.52 to 4.76). | |||
| Slootmaker et al 24 | RCT | II | Median minutes per week performing light-intensity PA. | T1 (3 months): difference=−129 (95% CI −337 to 79). T2 (8 months): difference=−2.0 (95% CI −210 to 206). |
| Median minutes per week spent on moderate-intensity PA. | T1 (3 months): difference=−13.0 (95% CI −89 to 63). T2 (8 months): difference=103 (95% CI −42 to 248). | |||
| Median minutes per week spent on vigorous-intensity PA. | T1 (3 months): difference=−6 (95% CI −75 to 62). T2 (8 months): difference=−28 (95% CI −110 to 54). | |||
| Median minutes per week spent on moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity PA. | T1 (3 months): difference=−23 (95% CI −121 to 76). T2 (8 months): difference=74 (95% CI −119 to 267). | |||
| Median minutes per week spent sedentary. | T1 (3 months): difference=10 (95% CI −435 to 455). T2 (8 months): difference=−267 (95% CI −803 to 268). | |||
| Body weight (kg). | T1 (3 months): difference=−0.36 (95% CI −1.23 to 0.49). | |||
| Scoggins et al 31 | Prospective cohort | I, II and III | Body mass index (kg/m2). | T1 (1 year): difference intervention − control: −1.10% (p=0.01). |
| Reijonsaari et al 25 | RCT | I | Mean MET minutes per week. | T1 (6 months): difference intervention − control: −365 MET min/week (95% CI −733 to 3). T2 (12 months): difference intervention − control: −207 MET min/week (95% CI −531 to 116). |
| Bhiri et al 26 | CT | II and III | Proportion of workers consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables or more. | T1 (3 years): ratio intervention − control: 1.14 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.48). |
| Proportion of people performing at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic PA throughout the week or at least 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA throughout the week. | T1 (3 years): ratio intervention − control: 0.93 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.22). | |||
| Proportion of smokers. | T1 (3 years): ratio intervention − control: 0.98 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.29). | |||
| Carpenter et al 32 | RCT | I and II | Body weight (% weight loss). | T1 (6 months): Hedges G=−0.15 (95% CI −0.64 to 0.35). |
| van den Brand et al 29 | Cluster-RCT | I and V | Biochemically validated smoking abstinence after programme completion. | T1 (after programme completion): OR=1.77 (95% CI 1.00 to 3.12). |
| Biochemically validated smoking abstinence after 3 months. | T2 (3 months): OR=1.55 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.24). | |||
| Biochemically validated smoking abstinence after 6 months. | T3 (6 months): OR=2.39 (95% CI 1.62 to 3.52). | |||
| Biochemically validated smoking abstinence after 12 months. | T4 (12 months): OR=1.93 (95% CI 1.31 to 2.85). | |||
| Sorensen et al 30 | Cluster-RCT | I, II and III | 6-month smoking abstinence. | T1 (18 months): OR=1.81 (95% CI 0.85 to 3.89). |
| 30-day smoking abstinence. | T1 (18 months): OR=1.70 (95% CI 0.87 to 3.32). |
CT, controlled trial; I, direct coaching; II, educational; III, environmental; MET, metabolic equivalent; PA, physical activity; RCT, randomised controlled trial; V, financial incentive; WHPP, workplace health promotion programme.