Maternal characteristics | Whole-body vibration exposure (m/s2) | Exposure to mechanical shocks | ||||
0 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.3–0.4 | ≥0.5 | No | Yes | |
n=1 070 816 (98.2 %) | n=15 241 (1.4 %) | n=2975 (0.3 %) | n=2012 (0.2 %) | n=1 089 282 (99.8%) | n=1762 (0.2%) | |
Age (years) 0% missing | 30.4±4.8 | 30.5±4.8 | 30.5±4.6 | 28.2±4.7 | 30.4±4.8 | 29.9±4.7 |
BMI (%) 7% missing | ||||||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 |
18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 64.0 | 62.1 | 54.7 | 52.0 | 63.9 | 57.0 |
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 24.0 | 26.7 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 24.1 | 28.4 |
≥30 kg/m2 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 15.6 | 18.5 | 9.9 | 13.2 |
Parity (birth order of child) 0% missing | 1.8±0.90 | 1.7±0.91 | 1.8±0.95 | 1.7±0.91 | 1.8±0.90 | 1.7±0.83 |
Educational level (%) <1% missing | ||||||
≤Elementary | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 14.0 | 6.7 | 10.9 |
High school | 47.2 | 48.8 | 61.6 | 79.2 | 47.3 | 55.0 |
Higher education <3 years | 13.7 | 29.3 | 19.8 | 4.6 | 13.9 | 18.6 |
Higher education ≥3 years | 32.4 | 14.3 | 10.8 | 2.2 | 32.1 | 15.5 |
Smoking (%) 1% missing | ||||||
Non-smoking | 92.0 | 90.9 | 91.8 | 82.7 | 92.0 | 88.2 |
1–9 cigarettes/day | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 5.9 | 7.4 |
≥10 cigarettes/day | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 6.7 | 2.1 | 4.5 |
Nationality (%) 0% missing | ||||||
Swedish | 94.1 | 96.1 | 96.9 | 96.6 | 94.1 | 96.5 |
European | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 2.4 |
Other | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
Unknown | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
Noise (%) <1% missing | ||||||
<70 dB | 63.8 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 62.8 | 0.0 |
70–74 dB | 18.1 | 91.3 | 40.6 | 0.0 | 19.2 | 9.6 |
75–79 dB | 5.2 | 2.0 | 58.4 | 88.5 | 5.3 | 72.9 |
80–84 dB | 12.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 17.5 |
≥85 dB | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Mechanical shocks (% Yes/No) 0% missing | 0/100 | 1.3/98.7 | 19.3/80.7 | 48.8/51.2 | 0/100 | 100/0 |
Combustion particles* (% Yes/No) <1% missing | 3.5/96.5 | 47.4/52.6 | 65.1/34.9 | 99.2/0.8 | 4.4/95.6 | 79.3/20.7 |
Job strain (%) 0% missing | ||||||
Low strain (low demands+high control) | 13.6 | 0.1 | 18.4 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 29.7 |
Active (high demands+high control) | 37.4 | 38.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37.3 | 8.6 |
High strain (high demands+low control) | 14.2 | 12.0 | 50.1 | 51.2 | 14.3 | 3.3 |
Passive (low demands+low control) | 34.8 | 49.1 | 31.5 | 47.8 | 35.1 | 58.4 |
Physically strenuous work† (index 1–6) 0% missing | 2.1±0.7 | 2.5±0.8 | 2.7±0.7 | 3.0±0.3 | 2.1±0.70 | 2.7±0.7 |
*Based on exposure to asphalt, diesel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead and/or other combustion particles.
†Average of indices (physically strenuous work) or combination of low/high demands/control (job strain), based on questions about control, demands, turning, lifting, bending, heavy breathing, working with hands above the head or with heavy objects, and repeated movements.
BMI, body mass index.