Relative frequencies of exposure assessment methods (EAM) according to study location extracted from articles on occupational pesticide exposures and various health outcomes
| Study location* | LIC | LMIC | UMIC | HIC | SHIC | AHIC | Study location not reported | |||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Number of articles | 16 | 1.3 | 134 | 10.5 | 204 | 16.1 | 841 | 66.2 | 13 | 1 | 30 | 2.4 | 33 | 2.6 |
| Articles applying>1 EAM | 1 | 6.3 | 11 | 8.2 | 19 | 9.4 | 159 | 18.9 | 1 | 7.6 | 5 | 16.7 | 7 | 21.2 |
| Articles not reporting EAM | 1 | 6.2 | 1 | 2.2 | 4 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 7.7 | – | – | – | – |
| Number of EAM occurrences in studies | 17 | 1.1 | 145 | 9.8 | 222 | 15 | 1007 | 67.9 | 16 | 1.1 | 36 | 2.4 | 40 | 2.7 |
| EAM: | ||||||||||||||
| Indirect EAM | 14 | 82.4 | 98 | 67.6 | 164 | 73.9 | 874 | 86.8 | 11 | 68.8 | 33 | 91.7 | 25 | 62.5 |
| Direct EAM | 2 | 11.8 | 44 | 30.3 | 54 | 24.4 | 131 | 13 | 4 | 25 | 3 | 8.3 | 15 | 37.5 |
| EAM not reported | 1 | 5.9 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 1.8 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 6.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Indirect EAM: | ||||||||||||||
| Job title | 3 | 17.6 | 25 | 17.2 | 49 | 22.1 | 99 | 9.8 | 1 | 12.5 | – | – | 4 | 10 |
| Expert case-by-case | – | – | 2 | 1.4 | 4 | 1.8 | 71 | 7.1 | – | – | 5 | 13.9 | 1 | 2.5 |
| Self-reported exposure: self-administered or interview administered questionnaire | 10 | 58.8 | 57 | 39.3 | 84 | 37.8 | 406 | 40.3 | 6 | 37.5 | 12 | 33.3 | 15 | 37.5 |
| Self-reported job history: self-administered or interview administered questionnaire | – | – | 8 | 5.5 | 11 | 5 | 76 | 7.5 | 1 | 6.2 | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 5 |
| Registers | – | – | 1 | 0.7 | 9 | 4.1 | 72 | 7.1 | – | – | 3 | 8.3 | – | – |
| Job exposure matrix | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1.4 | 56 | 5.6 | 1 | 6.2 | 8 | 22.2 | 1 | 2.5 |
| Crop exposure matrix | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Task exposure matrix | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Algorithm/model | 1 | 5.9 | 2 | 1.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 75 | 7.5 | 1 | 6.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Index | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 0.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Score | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Metric | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Environmental monitoring | – | – | 2 | 1.4 | 3 | 1.4 | 5 | 0.5 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 5 |
| GIS | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Direct EAM: | ||||||||||||||
| Biomonitoring: | ||||||||||||||
| Blood | 1 | 5.9 | 37 | 25.5 | 31 | 14 | 92 | 9.1 | 2 | 12.5 | 2 | 5.6 | 10 | 25 |
| Urine | 1 | 5.9 | 6 | 4.1 | 20 | 10 | 36 | 3.6 | 2 | 12.5 | – | – | 4 | 10 |
| Dermal | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2.8 | 1 | 2.5 |
| Hair | – | – | 1 | 0.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Adipose tissue | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Personal air sampling | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
*Classification according to the World Bank Atlas Method, 2019.31 LIC=low-income countries. LMIC=lower middle-income countries. UMIC=upper middle-income countries. HIC=high-income countries. AHIC=multiple study locations all high-income countries. SHIC=multiple study locations some high-income countries.
AHIC, multiple study locations all high-income countries; GIS, geographical information systems; HIC, HIC=high-income countries.; LIC, low-income countries; LMIC, lower middle-income countries; SHIC, multiple study locations some high-income countries; UMIC, upper middle-income countries.