Prevalence of estimated maternal occupational exposure to solvents during the periconceptional period* and risk of gastroschisis in offspring, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, USA, 1997–2011
| Solvent classes | Gastroschisis cases (n=879) | Total controls (n=7817) | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Any solvent | ||||||
| No exposure | 813 (92.7%) | 7233 (92.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Exposure | 64 (7.3%) | 579 (7.4%) | 0.98 | 0.75 to 1.29 | 1.00 | 0.75 to 1.32 |
| Aromatic solvents | ||||||
| No exposure‡ | 859 (97.8%) | 7651 (97.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Exposure | 19 (2.2%) | 163 (2.1%) | 1.04 | 0.64 to 1.68 | 1.15 | 0.69 to 1.92 |
| Chlorinated solvents | ||||||
| No exposure‡ | 821 (93.6%) | 7311 (93.6%) | ||||
| Exposure | 56 (6.4%) | 502 (6.4%) | 0.98 | 0.75 to 1.32 | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.32 |
| Stoddard solvents | ||||||
| No exposure‡ | 858 (97.8%) | 7658 (98.0%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Exposure | 19 (2.2%) | 158 (2.0%) | 1.07 | 0.66 to 1.74 | 0.84 | 0.51 to 1.39 |
Totals do not add up due to missing data.
*One month before conception through 3 months after conception.
†Adjusted for maternal age at delivery as a continuous variable (no missing values).
‡No exposure for outcome under analysis.