Characteristics of cases with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and matched controls from the general population of Sweden
| All IPD (n=4438) | Controls (n=21 080) | IPD with pneumonia (n=3143) | Controls (n=14 979) | |
| Men | 52.9% | 53.1% | 54.0% | 54.3% |
| Age, years (SD) | 51.5 (11.5) | 50.9 (11.2) | 51.2 (11.5) | 50.7 (11.3) |
| Completed university | 31.9% | 37.2% | 31.0% | 37.3% |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4.8% | 0.5% | 5.5% | 0.4% |
| Bronchial asthma | 6.8% | 2.0% | 7.5% | 2.0% |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9.8% | 1.5% | 10.0% | 1.5% |
| Ethanol abuse | 3.7% | 0.9% | 3.8% | 1.0% |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 0.2% | <0.1% | 0.1% | <0.1% |
| Occupations | ||||
| Welders and flame-cutters | 1.1% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 0.5% |
| Foundry workers | 0.1% | <0.1% | <0.1% | <0.1% |
| Steel mill workers | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% |
| Blacksmiths | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.2% |
| All metalworkers* | 2.1% | 1.0% | 2.4% | 1.1% |
| Occupational exposures based on job–exposure matrix | ||||
| Fumes | 18.8% | 16.6% | 19.4% | 16.5% |
| All inorganic dust | 23.1% | 19.7% | 23.4% | 19.8% |
| Silica dust | 4.7% | 3.2% | 4.6% | 3.2% |
| Vapours and gases | 21.7% | 20.1% | 22.0% | 20.1% |
| Organic dust | 8.2% | 8.3% | 7.8% | 8.4% |
| Any exposure† | 39.8% | 36.0% | 40.4% | 36.2% |
*A merger of welders (and flame-cutters), foundry workers, steel mill workers and blacksmiths.
†All five job–exposure matrix categories combined.