Table 3

Creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of pesticides and pesticide metabolites from a nested case-control men and women at visit 1 (preharvest) and visit 2 (postharvest) described as median and IQR alongside the proportion of study participants with samples above the LOD

Pesticides and metabolites (μmol/mol creatinine)	Sex				Samples ≥LOD
	Men		Women		Whole cohort
	Visit 1 (n=50)	Visit 2 (n=40)	Visit 1 (n=7)	Visit 2 (n=6)	Visit 1 (n=57)	Visit 2 (n=46)
	Median (25th−75th IQR)	Median (25th−75th IQR)	Median (25th−75th IQR)	Median (25th−75th IQR)	%	%
2,4-D	1.0 (0.3–2.5)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)	0.1 (<LOD−1.1)	0.2 (<LOD −0.8)	91.2	91.3
3-PBA	0.9 (0.6–1.7)	0.7 (0.3–0.8)	2.0 (0.5–2.2)	1.0 (0.6–2.3)	100.0	100.0
4F3PBA	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	8.8	21.7
CFCA	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	5.3	15.2
DCCA	0.9 (0.4–1.6)	0.5 (0.3–0.9)	1.4 (0.5–1.7)	1.4 (0.5–2.9)	98.2	100.0
ETU	0.7 (0.2–1.6)	0.4 (0.2–0.7)	0.4 (0.2–1.7)	0.3 (0.2–2.6)	92.9	100.0
Glyphosate	0.0 (<LOD−0.1)	0.0 (<LOD−0.04)	<LOD	0.0 (<LOD−0.1)	31.6	30.4
MCPA	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.00	0.0
OH-PYM	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	1.7	17.4
5-OH-TBZ	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.00	0.0
TEB-OH	0.2 (0.1–0.3)	0.1 (0.1–0.2)	0.1 (0.1–0.2)	0.1 (<LOD−0.3)	91.2	89.1
TCP	0.5 (0.3–1.1)	0.1 (<LOD−0.2)	0.5 (0.2–0.7)	0.0 (<LOD−0.2)	98.2	93.5

LOD of 2,4-D, 3-PBA, 4F3PBA, CFCA, DCCA, ETU, glyphosate, MCPA, OH-PYM, TEB-OH and TCP: 0.1 ng/mL. LOD of 5-OH-TBZ: 0.5 ng/mL.
CFCA, chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propen-1-yl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; DCCA, cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; ETU, ethylenethiourea; 4F3PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid ; LOD, limit of detection; MCPA, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid; OH-PYM, 3-hydroxy-pyrimetanil; 5-OH-TBZ, 5-hydroxy-tiabendazole; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid ; TCP, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; TEB-OH, hydroxy-tebuconazole.