Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||||
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% Cl | |
Men | ||||||
Physical work load factors | ||||||
Physically heavy work | 3.88 | 3.46 to 4.34 | 2.90 | 2.37 to 3.55 | 1.88 | 1.56 to 2.26 |
Heavy lifting | 2.47 | 2.22 to 2.75 | 1.09 | 0.93 to 1.27 | 1.14 | 0.98 to 1.34 |
Working in a forward bent posture | 3.00 | 2.69 to 3.33 | 1.06 | 0.86 to 1.31 | 1.10 | 0.90 to 1.34 |
Working with hands above shoulder level | 2.95 | 2.65 to 3.28 | 1.57 | 1.35 to 1.81 | 1.60 | 1.39 to 1.84 |
Work demanding high handgrip forces | 3.04 | 2.73 to 3.38 | 0.99 | 0.78 to 1.25 | 0.82 | 0.66 to 1.02 |
Psychosocial work-related factors | ||||||
High job demands | 1.36 | 1.23 to 1.51 | 1.34 | 1.21 to 1.49 | 1.30 | 1.17 to 1.44 |
Low job control | 2.28 | 2.02 to 2.58 | 2.09 | 1.84 to 2.38 | 1.22 | 1.07 to 1.39 |
Monotonous work | 1.79 | 1.59 to 2.00 | 1.31 | 1.17 to 1.48 | 1.08 | 0.96 to 1.22 |
Job strain§ | ||||||
Low strain job | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Active job | 3.45 | 2.75 to 4.34 | 2.54 | 2.02 to 3.19 | ||
Passive job | 4.40 | 3.59 to 5.39 | 2.05 | 1.87 to 2.52 | ||
High strain job | 4.50 | 3.64 to 5.57 | 2.18 | 1.76 to 2.71 | ||
Women | ||||||
Physical work load factors | ||||||
Physically heavy work | 3.65 | 3.23 to 4.13 | 3.21 | 2.80 to 3.90 | 2.04 | 1.71 to 2.43 |
Heavy lifting | 1.62 | 1.36 to 1.93 | 0.70 | 0.57 to 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.64 to 0.97 |
Working in a forward bent posture | 2.35 | 2.08 to 2.65 | 1.21 | 1.03 to 1.42 | 1.22 | 1.03 to 1.45 |
Working with hands above shoulder level | 2.18 | 1.87 to 2.53 | 1.04 | 0.81 to 1.28 | 1.12 | 0.89 to 1.41 |
Work demanding high handgrip forces | 2.90 | 2.50 to 3.38 | 1.22 | 1.05 to 1.65 | 1.17 | 0.93 to 1.49 |
Psychosocial work-related factors | ||||||
High job demands | 1.23 | 1.09 to 1.39 | 0.91 | 0.80 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.87 to 1.14 |
Low job control | 2.05 | 1.79 to 2.35 | 1.43 | 1.23 to 1.67 | 0.92 | 0.79 to 1.08 |
Monotonous work | 3.07 | 2.71 to 3.48 | 2.71 | 2.34 to 3.15 | 2.04 | 1.75 to 2.37 |
Job strain§ | ||||||
Low strain job | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Active job | 0.49 | 0.37 to 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.55 to 0.98 | ||
Passive job | 1.39 | 1.18 to 1.64 | 0.97 | 0.82 to 1.14 | ||
High strain job | 2.26 | 1.91 to 2.68 | 1.39 | 1.17 to 1.65 |
Bold values are statistically significant.
*Adjusted for age.
†Adjusted for age and other risk factors within the group (either physical or psychosocial).
‡Adjusted for age, education and other risk factors within the group (either physical or psychosocial).
§For job strain, the HRs and their 95% CIs in model 1 are adjusted for age and in model 3 for age and education. The reference category for each work-related factor consists of the non-exposed.