Linear mixed model with exposure to forward bending ≥60° at work (per 100 min) and change in low-back pain during follow-up (design 2)
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||||||||
Observations=407/197/210 | Observations=399/196/203 | Observations=398/195/203 | Observations=393/194/199 | Observations=393/194/199 | ||||||||||||
Coefficient | 95% CI | P value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value | ||
Total | T2 | −0.33 | −1.24 to 0.58 | 0.475 | −0.29 | −1.20 to 0.61 | 0.528 | −0.31 | −1.22 to 0.59 | 0.497 | −0.27 | −1.18 to 0.63 | 0.552 | −0.30 | −1.21 to 0.60 | 0.510 |
T3 | −0.18 | −1.07 to 0.71 | 0.697 | −0.15 | −1.04 to 0.74 | 0.735 | −0.21 | −1.11 to 0.69 | 0.644 | −0.17 | −1.07 to 0.72 | 0.708 | −0.22 | −1.12 to 0.67 | 0.625 | |
T4 | 0.29 | −0.60 to 1.17 | 0.526 | 0.26 | −0.62 to 1.15 | 0.560 | 0.19 | −0.71 to 1.09 | 0.680 | 0.20 | −0.70 to 1.09 | 0.668 | 0.14 | −0.76 to 1.04 | 0.762 | |
T5 | 0.52 | −0.47 to 1.51 | 0.301 | 0.59 | −0.40 to 1.58 | 0.241 | 0.56 | −0.43 to 1.55 | 0.266 | 0.60 | −0.40 to 1.59 | 0.238 | 0.59 | −0.41 to 1.58 | 0.246 | |
Construction | T2 | −0.62 | −1.64 to 0.40 | 0.231 | −0.64 | −1.64 to 0.36 | 0.207 | −0.70 | −1.69 to 0.28 | 0.163 | −0.74 | −1.74 to 0.25 | 0.142 | −0.75 | −1.75 to 0.24 | 0.137 |
T3 | −0.62 | −1.62 to 0.38 | 0.226 | −0.67 | −1.65 to 0.30 | 0.176 | −0.81 | −1.77 to 0.16 | 0.103 | −0.78 | −1.76 to 0.19 | 0.116 | −0.79 | −1.76 to 0.18 | 0.111 | |
T4 | 0.04 | −0.96 to 1.03 | 0.941 | −0.13 | −1.11 to 0.84 | 0.789 | −0.34 | −1.32 to 0.64 | 0.498 | −0.35 | −1.34 to 0.63 | 0.483 | −0.37 | −1.34 to 0.62 | 0.460 | |
T5 | 0.28 | −0.83 to 1.39 | 0.626 | 0.28 | −0.81 to 1.36 | 0.619 | 0.20 | −0.87 to 1.27 | 0.711 | 0.26 | −0.82 to 1.34 | 0.635 | 0.26 | −0.81 to 1.34 | 0.634 | |
Healthcare | T2 | 1.64 | −0.81 to 4.08 | 0.190 | 1.87 | −0.62 to 4.36 | 0.141 | 1.96 | −0.53 to 4.46 | 0.123 | 2.14 | −0.41 to 4.70 | 0.100 | 1.97 | −0.58 to 4.52 | 0.129 |
T3 | 2.23 | −0.29 to 4.89 | 0.081 | 2.66 | −0.04 to 5.54 | 0.053 | 2.85 | 0.14 to 5.56 | 0.039 | 2.90 | 0.12 to 5.69 | 0.041 | 2.56 | −0.23 to 5.35 | 0.072 | |
T4 | 1.22 | −1.37 to 3.81 | 0.355 | 1.50 | −1.19 to 4.18 | 0.275 | 1.58 | −1.11 to 4.27 | 0.248 | 1.59 | −1.14 to 3.33 | 0.253 | 1.34 | −1.39 to 4.08 | 0.337 | |
T5 | 1.38 | −1.47 to 4.23 | 0.342 | 1.50 | −1.39 to 4.40 | 0.309 | 1.46 | −1.43 to 4.36 | 0.322 | 1.51 | −1.15 to 4.52 | 0.325 | 1.30 | −1.70 to 4.31 | 0.395 |
T2: 6 months, T3: 12 months, T4: 18 months, T5: 24 months. Observations: total observations included in models for total/construction/healthcare; p≤0.05 in bold.
Dependent variable: change in pain between T1 and TX.
Independent variables: Model 1: forward bending at work (min/workday). Model 2: as model 1+age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI). Model 3: as model 2+heavy lifting. Model 4: as model 3+social climate, decision control, fair leadership, empowering leadership. Model 5: as model 4+objectively measured sitting at work (min/workday).