Aged ≤65 years | Aged >65 years | Aged ≤65 years | Aged >65 years | |||||||||||||
Low-grade | High-grade | Low-grade | High-grade | Low-grade | High-grade | Low-grade | High-grade | |||||||||
OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | |
Exposure metric | BTX | Benzene | ||||||||||||||
Unexposed† | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Ever exposure | 1.27 | 0.95 to 1.70 | 1.16 | 0.77 to 1.75 | 1.39 | 1.03 to 1.88 | 1.08 | 0.73 to 1.60 | 1.38 | 0.99 to 1.94 | 1.09 | 0.67 to 1.77 | 1.28 | 0.93 to 1.76 | 0.99 | 0.65 to 1.51 |
Duration of exposure (years) | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 1.04 | 0.68 to 1.59 | 1.17 | 0.67 to 2.05 | 1.51 | 0.89 to 2.54 | 1.31 | 0.67 to 2.57 | 1.22 | 0.76 to 1.96 | 1.22 | 0.65 to 2.29 | 1.09 | 0.61 to 1.96 | 1.28 | 0.64 to 2.57 |
10–25 | 1.29 | 0.81 to 2.05 | 1.26 | 0.66 to 2.40 | 1.4 | 0.84 to 2.35 | 1.5 | 0.82 to 2.74 | 1.16 | 0.65 to 2.10 | 0.99 | 0.41 to 2.37 | 1.38 | 0.78 to 2.42 | 1.58 | 0.83 to 3.02 |
≥25 | 1.74 | 0.98 to 3.09 | 0.99 | 0.41 to 2.41 | 1.33 | 0.87 to 2.03 | 0.68 | 0.36 to 1.29 | 2.3 | 1.14 to 4.64 | 0.92 | 0.29 to 2.92 | 1.35 | 0.86 to 2.13 | 0.44 | 0.20 to 1.00 |
P-trend | 0.04 | P-trend | 0.59 | P-trend | 0.06 | P-trend | 0.77 | P-trend | 0.02 | P-trend | 0.93 | P-trend | 0.1 | P-trend | 0.39 | |
Duration of exposure at substantial level ‡(years) | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 0.95 | 0.53 to 1.68 | 0.79 | 0.34 to 1.87 | 2.07 | 1.06 to 4.06 | 0.84 | 0.28 to 2.58 | 1.06 | 0.53 to 2.12 | 0.89 | 0.32 to 2.47 | 1.42 | 0.62 to 3.23 | 0.8 | 0.22 to 2.87 |
10–25 | 1.54 | 0.78 to 3.02 | 1.55 | 0.62 to 3.90 | 1.36 | 0.62 to 3.02 | 1.15 | 0.41 to 3.22 | 1.64 | 0.65 to 4.13 | 1.28 | 0.33 to 4.95 | 1.83 | 0.77 to 4.34 | 1.23 | 0.38 to 3.97 |
≥25 | 2.22 | 0.89 to 5.56 | 0.4 | 0.05 to 3.37 | 1.84 | 1.00 to 3.36 | 0.43 | 0.13 to 1.46 | 11.9 | 1.45 to 97.61 | NA | 1.7 | 0.84 to 3.44 | NA | ||
P-trend | 0.06 | P-trend | 0.89 | P-trend | 0.01 | P-trend | 0.27 | P-trend | 0.01 | P-trend | 0.93 | P-trend | 0.04 | P-trend | 0.09 | |
Cumulative exposure | ||||||||||||||||
Lowest tertile | 1.24 | 0.80 to 1.92 | 1.26 | 0.70 to 2.27 | 2.07 | 1.26 to 3.40 | 1.14 | 0.56 to 2.31 | 1.58 | 0.93 to 2.67 | 1.42 | 0.70 to 2.88 | 1.54 | 0.89 to 2.67 | 0.86 | 0.38 to 1.93 |
Middle tertile | 1.39 | 0.88 to 2.18 | 1.37 | 0.75 to 2.51 | 1.45 | 0.86 to 2.45 | 1.44 | 0.76 to 2.72 | 1.22 | 0.72 to 2.08 | 0.97 | 0.45 to 2.12 | 1.37 | 0.79 to 2.39 | 1.72 | 0.92 to 3.23 |
Highest tertile | 1.09 | 0.62 to 1.94 | 0.7 | 0.28 to 1.76 | 1.02 | 0.66 to 1.58 | 0.85 | 0.48 to 1.50 | 1.36 | 0.71 to 2.61 | 0.82 | 0.29 to 2.28 | 1.06 | 0.65 to 1.71 | 0.62 | 0.31 to 1.26 |
P-trend | 0.19 | P-trend | 0.79 | P-trend | 0.28 | P-trend | 0.99 | P-trend | 0.12 | P-trend | 0.95 | P-trend | 0.34 | P-trend | 0.7 | |
Exposure metric | Toluene | Xylene | ||||||||||||||
Unexposed† | ||||||||||||||||
Ever exposure | 1.21 | 0.88 to 1.66 | 1.25 | 0.81 to 1.93 | 1.5 | 1.10 to 2.06 | 0.79 | 0.50 to 1.25 | 1.35 | 0.95 to 1.92 | 1.17 | 0.71 to 1.92 | 1.38 | 0.98 to 1.93 | 0.8 | 0.49 to 1.29 |
Duration of exposure | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 0.86 | 0.53 to 1.41 | 1.25 | 0.68 to 2.30 | 1.95 | 1.09 to 3.49 | 0.84 | 0.33 to 2.10 | 1.14 | 0.67 to 1.93 | 1.38 | 0.71 to 2.72 | 1.33 | 0.69 to 2.55 | 0.87 | 0.35 to 2.21 |
10–25 | 1.26 | 0.76 to 2.09 | 1.38 | 0.70 to 2.71 | 1.62 | 0.93 to 2.84 | 1.24 | 0.61 to 2.56 | 1.25 | 0.70 to 2.22 | 1.09 | 0.47 to 2.50 | 1.81 | 1.01 to 3.25 | 1.31 | 0.61 to 2.79 |
≥25 | 1.98 | 1.05 to 3.72 | 1.07 | 0.40 to 2.82 | 1.24 | 0.80 to 1.93 | 0.55 | 0.27 to 1.11 | 2.1 | 1.02 to 4.33 | 0.88 | 0.27 to 2.85 | 1.19 | 0.74 to 1.91 | 0.51 | 0.23 to 1.10 |
P-trend | 0.05 | P-trend | 0.41 | P-trend | 0.06 | P-trend | 0.2 | P-trend | 0.04 | P-trend | 0.79 | P-trend | 0.12 | P-trend | 0.21 | |
Duration of exposure at substantial level‡ (years) | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 1.07 | 0.55 to 2.08 | 1.02 | 0.40 to 2.62 | 3.14 | 1.43 to 6.88 | 1.38 | 0.43 to 4.47 | 0.82 | 0.32 to 2.05 | 1.43 | 0.49 to 4.17 | 3.16 | 1.21 to 8.29 | 2.17 | 0.61 to 7.67 |
10–25 | 1.33 | 0.62 to 2.82 | 1.29 | 0.44 to 3.74 | 0.82 | 0.24 to 2.76 | 1.13 | 0.29 to 4.33 | 2.1 | 0.59 to 7.45 | 0.76 | 0.08 to 7.10 | 1.72 | 0.41 to 7.16 | 0.83 | 0.09 to 7.52 |
≥25 | 1.18 | 0.38 to 3.73 | 0.53 | 0.06 to 4.54 | 1.41 | 0.65 to 3.10 | 0.41 | 0.09 to 1.81 | 2.44 | 0.59 to 10.06 | NA | 0.87 | 0.28 to 2.66 | 0.89 | 0.24 to 3.39 | |
P-trend | 0.47 | P-trend | 0.96 | P-trend | 0.15 | P-trend | 0.41 | P-trend | 0.15 | P-trend | 0.59 | P-trend | 0.4 | P-trend | 0.88 | |
Cumulative exposure | ||||||||||||||||
Lowest tertile | 1.13 | 0.69 to 1.84 | 1.57 | 0.85 to 2.89 | 2.33 | 1.34 to 4.05 | 0.41 | 0.12 to 1.36 | 1.47 | 0.89 to 2.45 | 1.48 | 0.75 to 2.93 | 2.58 | 1.31 to 5.06 | 1.04 | 0.37 to 2.92 |
Middle tertile | 1.59 | 0.97 to 2.61 | 1.4 | 0.71 to 2.78 | 1.6 | 0.92 to 2.76 | 1.3 | 0.65 to 2.61 | 0.9 | 0.51 to 1.61 | 1.08 | 0.51 to 2.29 | 0.87 | 0.48 to 1.59 | 0.91 | 0.44 to 1.89 |
Highest tertile | 0.83 | 0.44 to 1.58 | 0.63 | 0.23 to 1.71 | 1.06 | 0.67 to 1.70 | 0.68 | 0.35 to 1.31 | 2.28 | 1.04 to 4.99 | 0.58 | 0.12 to 2.75 | 1.37 | 0.85 to 2.20 | 0.63 | 0.30 to 1.31 |
P-trend | 0.4 | P-trend | 0.77 | P-trend | 0.15 | P-trend | 0.38 | P-trend | 0.08 | P-trend | 0.91 | P-trend | 0.19 | P-trend | 0.25 | |
Exposure metric | Styrene | Any MAH | ||||||||||||||
Unexposed† | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Ever exposure | 1.29 | 0.60 to 2.77 | 0.98 | 0.31 to 3.07 | 1.51 | 0.78 to 2.94 | 0.61 | 0.20 to 1.82 | 1.02 | 0.82 to 1.28 | 1.07 | 0.78 to 1.46 | 1.22 | 0.95 to 1.56 | 0.98 | 0.71 to 1.34 |
Duration of exposure | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 0.91 | 0.30 to 2.76 | 0.48 | 0.06 to 3.92 | 1.6 | 0.25 to 10.03 | NA | 0.98 | 0.70 to 1.35 | 1.15 | 0.75 to 1.78 | 1.21 | 0.81 to 1.80 | 1.09 | 0.65 to 1.81 | |
10–25 | 1.26 | 0.17 to 9.56 | 3.77 | 0.51 to 28.01 | 0.65 | 0.12 to 3.60 | 0.7 | 0.08 to 6.40 | 1.05 | 0.76 to 1.46 | 1 | 0.63 to 1.61 | 1.33 | 0.89 to 1.99 | 1.32 | 0.81 to 2.14 |
≥25 | 2 | 0.56 to 7.12 | 0.71 | 0.08 to 6.65 | 1.84 | 0.84 to 4.04 | 0.68 | 0.19 to 2.43 | 1.05 | 0.72 to 1.53 | 1.03 | 0.62 to 1.74 | 1.17 | 0.85 to 1.60 | 0.77 | 0.50 to 1.17 |
P-trend | 0.32 | P-trend | 0.9 | P-trend | 0.18 | P-trend | 0.45 | P-trend | 0.75 | P-trend | 0.85 | P-trend | 0.18 | P-trend | 0.47 | |
Duration of exposure at substantial level‡(years) | ||||||||||||||||
<10 | 0.35 | 0.07 to 1.88 | NA | 1.59 | 0.14 to 18.49 | NA | 0.93 | 0.57 to 1.53 | 0.92 | 0.45 to 1.86 | 1.91 | 1.03 to 3.57 | 0.56 | 0.19 to 1.69 | ||
10–25 | 1.29 | 0.08 to 21.66 | 7.05 | 0.60 to 82.43 | 0.47 | 0.09 to 2.38 | NA | 1.07 | 0.56 to 2.06 | 0.75 | 0.24 to 2.28 | 1.7 | 0.90 to 3.22 | 1.13 | 0.49 to 2.63 | |
≥25 | 2.63 | 0.63 to 10.99 | NA | 2.28 | 0.94 to 5.55 | 0.64 | 0.14 to 3.01 | 1.83 | 0.68 to 4.98 | 1.97 | 0.53 to 7.37 | 1.41 | 0.81 to 2.46 | 0.63 | 0.27 to 1.48 | |
P-trend | 0.33 | P-trend | 0.74 | P-trend | 0.18 | P-trend | 0.23 | P-trend | 0.45 | P-trend | 0.81 | P-trend | 0.04 | P-trend | 0.35 | |
Cumulative exposure | ||||||||||||||||
Lowest tertile | 1.3 | 0.45 to 3.82 | 0.56 | 0.07 to 4.67 | 1.09 | 0.34 to 3.51 | NA | 1.27 | 0.93 to 1.73 | 1.3 | 0.85 to 1.99 | 1.14 | 0.76 to 1.69 | 1.16 | 0.71 to 1.89 | |
Middle tertile | 0.91 | 0.22 to 3.86 | 2.04 | 0.44 to 9.43 | 6.04 | 1.63 to 22.42 | NA | 1.02 | 0.73 to 1.42 | 1.01 | 0.63 to 1.62 | 1.48 | 1.04 to 2.10 | 1.03 | 0.65 to 1.64 | |
Highest tertile | 1.96 | 0.40 to 9.55 | NA | 0.38 | 0.08 to 1.79 | 1.26 | 0.38 to 4.15 | 0.72 | 0.48 to 1.06 | 0.84 | 0.49 to 1.43 | 1.08 | 0.77 to 1.51 | 0.83 | 0.53 to 1.29 | |
P-trend | 0.46 | P-trend | 0.96 | P-trend | 0.45 | P-trend | 0.77 | P-trend | 0.32 | P-trend | 0.76 | P-trend | 0.21 | P-trend | 0.53 |
*ORs adjusted for age (years, continuous), ancestry (European/sub-Saharan African/other/unknown), first-degree family history of PCa (yes/no/unknown), household income ($C<$C30 000/$C30 000–79 999/$C80 000+/unknown or prefers not to respond), education (primary or secondary/college or university), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), type two diabetes (yes/no), alcohol intake (drink-years), smoking (pack-years) and occupational physical activity (in metabolic equivalents – hours per day). ORs are not adjusted for exposure to other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
†Subjects never exposed to the compound or only exposed within the 5 years before interview (controls) or diagnosis (cases).
‡Substantial level defined as exposure at medium or high concentration level for more than 5% of work-week.
BTX, benzene, toluene or xylene.