Reference | Setting | Model | Subjects | Initial PFAS level (ng/mL, serum) | Half-life (years) | ||
PFOS | PFHxS | PFOA | |||||
Olsen et al 4 | Retired fluorochemical workers, followed 5 years Repeated samplings with batch-wise analysis | First-order elimination First and last sample | 22 men, 2 women Age 55–75 | Median (range) PFOS: 626 (145–3490) PFHxS: 193 (16–1295) PFOA: 408 (72–5100) | Median 4.6, range 2.4–21.7 GM 4.8 95% CI 4.0 to 5.8 | Median 7.1, range 2.2–27.0 GM 7.3 95% CI 5.8 to 9.2 | Median 3.4, range 1.5–9.1 GM 3.5 95% CI 3.0 to 4.1 |
Brede et al 5 | Drinking water exposure to PFOA, follow-up 2 years after installation of charcoal filters | First-order elimination First and last sample | 20 children 22 mothers 23 men | Median (range) PFOS: ≈9 (2.6–33.3) PFHxS: ≈2.0 (<0.1–2.7) PFOA: ≈24 (6.4–77.5) | (Relative reduction 2006–2008, 22% in women, 25% in men) | (Relative reduction 2006–2008, 30% in women, 14% in men) | GM 3.26 years (range 1.03–14.67) (relative reduction 2006–2008, 39% in women, 25% in men) |
Bartell et al 12 | Drinking water exposure to PFOA, follow-up after installation of charcoal filter Repeated sampling, follow-up after 1 year | First-order elimination Mixed models, five samples per person | 100 men 100 women Age 53±15 | Mean, SD PFOA 180±209 | – | – | Average 2.3 95% CI 2.1 to 2.4 No sex-dependence |
Gomis et al 13 | Ski waxers, followed after marked reduction of occupational exposure | 4 men | Range 250–1050 | – | – | Median 2.4, range 2.0–2.8 | |
Worley et al 11 | Drinking water exposure to PFAS, emanating from contaminated sewage sludge applied to agricultural fields; follow-up after 6 years | One-compartment pharmacokinetic model First and last sample | First sample: 63 men, 90 women Average 52 Last sample: 22 men, 23 women | GM PFHxS: 6.4 PFOS: 39.8 PFOA: 16.3 | Average 3.3 | Average 15.5 | Average 3.9 |
PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.