Sample characteristics (n=283)
| Male (n=182) | Female (n=101) | Total sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Per cent | n | Per cent | n | Per cent | |
| Age (mean, SD) | 38.4 | 13.0 | 39.0 | 11.5 | 38.6 | 12.4 |
| Country of origin | ||||||
| USA | 12 | 6.6 | 3 | 3.0 | 15 | 5.3 |
| Mexico | 167 | 91.8 | 98 | 97.0 | 265 | 93.6 |
| El Salvador | 3 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.1 |
| Level of education* | ||||||
| No education/don’t know | 8 | 4.4 | 1 | 0.9 | 9 | 3.2 |
| Less than high school | 107 | 58.8 | 80 | 79.2 | 187 | 66.1 |
| Some high school | 33 | 18.1 | 11 | 11.0 | 44 | 15.5 |
| Graduated high school | 34 | 18.7 | 9 | 8.9 | 43 | 15.2 |
| Baseline eGFR† | ||||||
| ≥90 mL/min/1.732 | 165 | 90.7 | 96 | 95.0 | 261 | 92.2 |
| ≥60 to <90 mL/min/1.732 | 15 | 8.8 | 5 | 5.0 | 21 | 7.4 |
| <60 mL/min/1.732 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.4 |
| BMI‡ | ||||||
| Normal weight (<25) | 39 | 21.4 | 13 | 12.9 | 52 | 18.4 |
| Overweight (25–30) | 74 | 40.7 | 45 | 44.6 | 119 | 42.0 |
| Obese (>30) | 69 | 38.0 | 43 | 42.6 | 112 | 39.6 |
| Diabetes§ | ||||||
| No diabetes (HbA1c<5.7%) | 139 | 79.4 | 76 | 76.0 | 215 | 78.2 |
| Prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%) | 19 | 10.9 | 14 | 14.0 | 33 | 12.0 |
| Diabetes (HbA1c≥6.5%) | 17 | 9.7 | 10 | 10.0 | 27 | 9.8 |
| Blood pressure¶* | ||||||
| Normal blood pressure (<120/80) | 24 | 13.3 | 39 | 38.6 | 63 | 22.3 |
| Prehypertensive (120–139/80–89) | 90 | 49.7 | 39 | 38.6 | 129 | 45.7 |
| Hypertension (≥140/90) | 67 | 37.0 | 23 | 22.8 | 90 | 31.9 |
| History of kidney disease | ||||||
| None | 140 | 76.9 | 73 | 72.3 | 213 | 75.3 |
| Personal history | 10 | 5.5 | 4 | 4.0 | 14 | 4.9 |
| Family history | 32 | 17.6 | 24 | 23.8 | 56 | 19.8 |
| Years in agricultural work (mean, SD) | 14.6 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 9.6* | 14 | 11.6 |
| Payment method* | ||||||
| Hourly | 120 | 65.9 | 79 | 78.2 | 199 | 70.3 |
| Piece rate | 56 | 30.8 | 20 | 19.8 | 76 | 26.9 |
| Salary | 6 | 3.3 | 2 | 2.0 | 8 | 2.8 |
| Farm task | ||||||
| Picking | 58 | 31.9 | 24 | 23.8 | 82 | 29.0 |
| Hoeing | 13 | 7.1 | 15 | 14.9 | 28 | 9.9 |
| Irrigation | 30 | 16.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 30 | 10.6 |
| Packing/sorting/planting | 7 | 3.8 | 27 | 26.7 | 34 | 12.0 |
| Hand pruning/weeding | 24 | 13.2 | 31 | 30.7 | 55 | 19.4 |
| Other** | 50 | 27.5 | 4 | 4.0 | 54 | 19.1 |
| Maximum core temperature†† (mean, SD) | 38.0 | 0.4 | 38.0 | 0.3 | 38.0 | 0.4 |
| Maximum heart rate†† (mean, SD) | 129.6 | 28.8 | 132.4 | 25.1 | 130.6 | 27.6 |
*Significant at p<0.05 based on χ2 tests or t-tests comparing sexes.
†eGFR, based on CKD-EPI equation.
‡BMI (kg/m2) categorized based on WHO classification.
§HbA1c from capillary blood sample.
¶Blood pressure based on JNC7 categories.
**‘Other’ includes supervising staff, machinery repair, shoveling dirt or fumigating.
††Maximum levels sustained for 3 min or longer during work shift.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.