Table 3

Weighted prevalence of short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, poor sleep-related ADL score and insomnia among US workers by sociodemographic characteristics, health/lifestyle factors, and job and sleep characteristics (NHANES, 2005–2008)

Short sleep duration*Poor sleep quality†Poor sleep-related ADL score‡Insomnia§
% (95% CI)p Valuen% (95% CI)p Valuen% (95% CI)p Valuen% (95% CI)p Value
Total251237.6 (35.3 to 39.9)116319.2 (17.6 to 20.8)154524.8 (23.1 to 26.5)5378.8 (7.9 to 9.8)
Sociodemographic characteristics
 Age group (years)0.0360.0840.0010.027
  18–2962035.1 (31.9 to 38.2)33619.9 (17.3 to 22.5)52228.6 (24.9 to 32.3)1739.7 (7.9 to 11.4)
  30–3955938.6 (34.7 to 42.5)27520.7 (18.0 to 23.4)33024.1 (21.5 to 26.7)1198.6 (7.1 to 10.0)
  40–4957239.0 (35.5 to 42.5)24418.1 (15.6 to 20.6)32824.2 (21.3 to 27.0)1168.7 (6.5 to 10.8)
  50–5945739.5 (35.9 to 43.2)20219.7 (16.8 to 22.6)24325.1 (22.0 to 28.2)949.8 (7.9 to 11.7)
  ≥6030433.7 (30.1 to 37.2)10615.1 (11.4 to 18.8)12216.6 (13.5 to 19.6)355.1 (3.0 to 7.2)
 Gender0.0010.0010.0010.002
  Male142640.4 (37.9 to 43.0)52916.3 (14.7 to 18.0)71321.7 (19.7 to 23.8)2287.2 (5.9 to 8.6)
  Female108634.3 (31.4 to 37.3)63422.6 (20.1 to 25.2)83228.4 (25.9 to 31.0)30910.7 (9.3 to 12.3)
 Race/ethnicity0.0010.0010.0010.091
  Non-Hispanic white97434.9 (32.2 to 37.8)58620.3 (18.4 to 22.4)70224.6 (22.7 to 26.7)2599.2 (8.1 to 10.5)
  Non-Hispanic black77455.4 (52.5 to 58.3)25418.4 (16.3 to 20.8)37427.6 (23.4 to 32.3)1238.9 (7.4 to 10.6)
  Hispanic63834.9 (32.0 to 37.9)26314.4 (12.5 to 16.5)37419.8 (18.0 to 21.8)1256.7 (5.3 to 8.3)
  Others/multiracial12641.5 (34.5 to 48.9)6017.7 (13.3 to 23.2)9531.9 (26.8 to 37.5)308.9 (5.6 to 13.7)
 Marital status0.0200.0410.0010.010
  Married/living with partner150236.2 (33.7 to 38.8)69918.6 (17.0 to 20.2)85422.6 (21.0 to 24.2)2997.9 (7.1 to 8.9)
  Never married54338.5 (34.9 to 42.1)23417.9 (14.8 to 21.5)37127.6 (23.9 to 31.7)1128.1 (6.3 to 10.4)
  Widowed/divorced/separated42043.7 (38.7 to 48.9)20423.4 (19.4 to 28.1)26029.8 (26.1 to 33.7)10813.1 (10.3 to 16.4)
 Education level0.6600.0010.2880.854
  <High school54236.9 (32.8 to 41.1)25918.3 (15.8 to 21.0)31522.9 (19.6 to 26.6)1238.6 (6.8 to 10.9)
  ≥High school196437.7 (35.4 to 40.1)90219.4 (17.7 to 21.1)122625.1 (23.3 to 27.1)4128.8 (7.9 to 9.9)
 PIR0.0570.0190.0410.040
  <132738.0 (33.2 to 43.0)18323.3 (20.2 to 26.7)23628.5 (22.9 to 34.8)9211.5 (8.9 to 14.6)
  1 to <355040.0 (36.2 to 44.0)24620.2 (17.4 to 23.3)33428.0 (24.4 to 32.0)1209.8 (7.8 to 12.1)
  ≥3107034.9 (32.1 to 37.8)48117.9 (16.1 to 19.8)63923.0 (21.3 to 24.7)2047.7 (6.7 to 8.8)
Health factors
 Self-rated health status0.0010.0010.0010.001
  Excellent/very good/good187336.1 (33.8 to 38.6)83717.8 (16.5 to 19.3)112523.3 (21.5 to 25.2)3707.9 (7.0 to 8.8)
  Fair/poor41046.6 (41.6 to 51.8)23630.9 (26.8 to 35.4)28735.2 (31.4 to 39.3)11915.1 (12.1 to 18.6)
 Body mass index0.0010.0440.8140.422
  <25.0 (underweight/normal weight)65731.9 (28.5 to 35.5)34518.7 (16.5 to 21.1)49525.5 (22.8 to 28.3)1537.9 (6.6 to 9.5)
  25.0–29.9 (overweight)88738.0 (35.6 to 40.6)37117.5 (15.5 to 19.7)51724.5 (22.6 to 26.5)1809.1 (7.7 to 10.7)
  ≥30.0 (obese)95042.9 (39.7 to 46.2)43421.3 (18.4 to 24.4)52124.5 (22.0 to 27.2)1989.4 (7.9 to 11.1)
 Prescription medication use0.5650.0010.0010.001
  No141737.9 (35.6 to 40.2)59216.3 (15.0 to 17.5)83722.7 (21.2 to 24.3)2707.2 (6.4 to 8.0)
  Yes109437.2 (34.4 to 40.1)57122.4 (20.1 to 24.9)70827.0 (24.8 to 29.5)26710.6 (9.2 to 12.3)
 Health insurance0.1460.0130.7100.208
  No64540.1 (35.9 to 44.4)32621.9 (19.2 to 24.9)38424.3 (21.2 to 27.7)1509.7 (7.9 to 11.9)
  Yes186536.9 (34.5 to 39.4)83618.5 (17.0 to 20.1)115824.9 (23.3 to 26.6)3868.6 (7.8 to 9.4)
 Symptomatic depression0.0010.0010.0010.001
  Not symptomatic (PHQ-9<10)210936.4 (34.1 to 38.7)92917.8 (16.3 to 19.3)123723.0 (21.3 to 24.9)3987.5 (6.6 to 8.6)
  Symptomatic (PHG-9≥10)16554.7 (47.6 to 61.7)13852.0 (43.7 to 60.1)17159.6 (51.6 to 67.1)8933.5 (26.3 to 41.6)
Lifestyle factors
 Smoking status (cotinine in ng/mL)0.0010.0010.4930.008
  Non-smoker (≤10)164934.8 (32.6 to 37.2)72517.2 (15.6 to 18.9)108125.2 (23.3 to 27.1)3518.3 (7.4 to 9.4)
  Current smoker (>10)71144.4 (40.9 to 47.9)36924.8 (22.2 to 27.4)38224.3 (21.7 to 27.0)15810.5 (9.2 to 11.9)
 Alcohol intake**
  Frequency0.1180.1360.8300.044
  None36341.0 (36.5 to 45.7)16623.3 (19.1 to 28.0)19324.7 (21.2 to 28.5)8411.5 (9.0 to 14.7)
  Low/moderate138336.7 (34.1 to 39.5)64918.7 (16.9 to 20.7)82423.9 (21.9 to 26.0)2737.8 (6.8 to 8.9)
  Excessive17940.1 (33.4 to 47.3)9020.2 (16.3 to 24.8)10825.0 (20.5 to 30.1)4210.0 (6.9 to 14.3)
 Binge drinking (days in preceding year consumed five or more alcoholic drinks in a single day)0.3820.0750.7010.742
  None89837.1 (34.5 to 39.7)41518.7 (16.7 to 20.8)53323.7 (21.6 to 26.0)1757.8 (6.9 to 8.9)
  ≤12 days34735.6 (31.6 to 39.8)16717.9 (14.7 to 21.5)22625.1 (21.8 to 28.8)778.1 (6.1 to 10.7)
  >12 days31539.2 (34.9 to 43.7)15820.8 (17.5 to 24.6)17423.6 (20.3 to 27.2)648.7 (6.5 to 11.5)
 Caffeine intake (daily average, mg)0.3720.0520.4630.126
  0–29.547633.0 (28.5 to 37.9)21416.0 (12.6 to 20.1)33426.6 (22.5 to 31.1)907.0 (4.7 to 10.5)
  29.6–97.051636.7 (32.2 to 41.5)23718.1 (15.3 to 21.2)31522.9 (19.2 to 27.2)1157.4 (5.8 to 9.4)
  97.1–208.551537.3 (33.7 to 41.1)23920.5 (17.4 to 24.0)31225.3 (22.1 to 28.8)1179.9 (7.9 to 12.4)
  >208.553837.7 (33.8 to 41.8)26821.7 (18.2 to 25.6)30622.8 (19.9 to 25.8)1219.8 (7.4 to 12.9)
Job characteristics
 Hours worked in all jobs in preceding week0.0010.0060.3360.035
  <48163734.4 (32.0 to 37.0)78118.4 (17.0 to 19.9)106124.4 (22.7 to 26.2)3508.2 (7.3 to 9.2)
  ≥4879246.1 (42.2 to 50.1)33721.4 (18.5 to 24.6)41725.9 (23.0 to 29.0)16410.5 (8.7 to 12.5)
 Years worked in current/main job0.1530.8040.0170.562
  <10182037.0 (34.7 to 39.3)88319.3 (17.6 to 21.0)120926.0 (24.1 to 28.0)4138.6 (7.6 to 9.7)
  ≥1069139.0 (35.7 to 42.5)28019.0 (16.1 to 22.3)33621.7 (19.0 to 24.6)1249.3 (7.4 to 11.7)
 Occupation categories0.0010.0440.0030.593
  White collar116734.1 (31.5 to 36.8)58618.9 (16.7 to 21.2)81725.9 (23.9 to 27.9)2738.5 (7.4 to 9.9)
  Service55436.0 (32.1 to 40.1)27820.3 (17.9 to 22.9)36126.2 (22.7 to 30.1)13510.0 (8.0 to 12.3)
  Farm and blue collar78646.2 (42.3 to 50.2)29919.2 (16.6 to 22.2)36621.5 (19.1 to 24.0)1298.6 (7.0 to 10.6)
Sleep characteristics
 Physician-diagnosed sleep disorder††0.0050.0010.0010.001
  No233537.0 (34.8 to 39.4)101617.7 (16.1 to 19.3)139623.9 (22.2 to 25.8)4548.0 (7.1 to 9.0)
  Yes17446.1 (39.5 to 52.7)14441.6 (36.0 to 47.5)14636.9 (31.4 to 42.8)8220.9 (15.5 to 27.5)
 Sleeping pills or other medication use to help with sleep (times in preceding month)0.1890.0010.0010.001
  <5236137.3 (35.1 to 39.6)101017.2 (15.8 to 18.7)140823.6 (21.9 to 25.2)4637.8 (7.0 to 8.7)
  ≥515141.5 (34.7 to 48.7)15348.6 (43.3 to 54.0)13642.4 (37.1 to 47.9)7423.0 (18.5 to 28.4)
  • *Sleep duration <7 hours per week/work day.

  • †Participants categorised as having poor sleep quality if the response to any of the six sleep problem items was 16–30 times/month.

  • ‡Participants with ADL score ≥2 (sample mean).

  • §Participants with poor sleep quality and poor ADL score.

  • ¶Unweighted sample size.

  • **Self-reported alcohol intake for the 12 months that preceded interview was determined for participants aged ≥20 years. Alcohol intake was categorised as: excessive (>2 drinks per day for men and >1 drink per day for women), low/moderate (>0 but <2 drinks per day for men and ≤1 drink per day for women) and none.

  • ††Participant ever told by a doctor or other health professional that they had a sleep disorder, including sleep apnoea, insomnia, restless leg syndrome or ‘other’.

  • ADL, activities of daily living; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PIR, poverty income ratio.