Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics, health/lifestyle factors, job characteristics and sleep characteristics among US workers (NHANES, 2005–2008)
| n* | Weighted n | % (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age group (years) | |||
| 18–29 | 1807 | 35 542 634 | 24.7 (23.0 to 26.4) |
| 30–39 | 1374 | 31 973 309 | 22.2 (20.3 to 24.2) |
| 40–49 | 1316 | 35 275 123 | 24.5 (22.7 to 26.4) |
| 50–59 | 1059 | 28 927 115 | 20.1 (18.5 to 21.7) |
| ≥60 | 782 | 12 291 375 | 8.5 (7.6 to 9.5) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 3418 | 77 683 523 | 53.9 (52.7 to 55.2) |
| Female | 2920 | 66 326 035 | 46.1 (44.8 to 47.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2809 | 100 189 029 | 69.6 (64.8 to 74.1) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1401 | 15 828 167 | 11.0 (8.4 to 14.0) |
| Hispanic | 1833 | 19 048 189 | 13.2 (10.9 to 15.8) |
| Others/multiracial | 295 | 8 944 173 | 6.2 (5.0 to 7.6) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living with partner | 3875 | 94 734 258 | 66.9 (64.4 to 69.3) |
| Never married | 1388 | 27 218 138 | 19.2 (17.3 to 21.3) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 920 | 19 689 860 | 13.9 (12.7 to 15.1) |
| Education level | |||
| <High school | 1462 | 21 323 686 | 14.8 (13.0 to 16.9) |
| ≥High school | 4854 | 122 470 037 | 85.2 (83.1 to 87.0) |
| PIR† | |||
| <1 | 864 | 12 264 426 | 10.5 (9.2 to 11.9) |
| 1 to <3 | 1327 | 22 776 540 | 19.4 (17.3 to 21.7) |
| ≥3 | 2813 | 82 192 176 | 70.1 (66.9 to 73.2) |
| Health factors | |||
| Self-rated health status | |||
| Excellent/very good/good | 4941 | 118 919 466 | 89.4 (88.3 to 90.5) |
| Fair/poor | 873 | 14 064 200 | 10.6 (9.5 to 11.7) |
| Body mass index‡ | |||
| <25.0 (underweight/normal weight) | 1992 | 47 726 272 | 33.4 (31.4 to 35.5) |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 2202 | 48 831 200 | 34.2 (32.8 to 35.6) |
| ≥30.0 (obese) | 2097 | 46 355 760 | 32.4 (30.1 to 34.8) |
| Prescription medication use | |||
| No | 3664 | 75 463 966 | 52.4 (50.5 to 54.3) |
| Yes | 2673 | 68 489 726 | 47.6 (45.7 to 49.5) |
| Health insurance | |||
| No | 1703 | 28 751 089 | 20.0 (17.7 to 22.5) |
| Yes | 4626 | 115 129 979 | 80.0 (77.5 to 82.3) |
| Symptomatic depression | |||
| Not symptomatic (PHQ-9<10) | 5496 | 126 889 653 | 95.8 (95.0 to 96.5) |
| Symptomatic (PHQ-9≥10) | 298 | 5 592 842 | 4.2 (3.5 to 5.0) |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Smoking status (serum cotinine in ng/mL) | |||
| Non-smoker (≤10) | 4358 | 98 187 872 | 72.0 (69.6 to 74.2) |
| Current smoker (>10) | 1595 | 38 231 850 | 28.0 (25.8 to 30.4) |
| Alcohol intake§ | |||
| None | 813 | 16 598 864 | 14.1 (12.2 to 16.2) |
| Low/moderate | 3540 | 88 561 916 | 75.5 (73.6 to 77.3) |
| Excessive | 455 | 12 160 343 | 10.4 (9.1 to 11.7) |
| Binge drinking¶ | |||
| None | 2274 | 55 996 888 | 55.6 (53.1 to 58.1) |
| ≤12 days | 913 | 24 608 873 | 24.4 (22.3 to 26.7) |
| >12 days | 804 | 20 046 680 | 19.9 (17.9 to 22.0) |
| Caffeine intake (daily average, mg)** | |||
| 0–29.5 | 1314 | 23 655 076 | 19.5 (17.7 to 21.4) |
| 29.6–97.0 | 1319 | 25 546 591 | 21.0 (19.9 to 22.2) |
| 97.1–208.5 | 1307 | 32 050 318 | 26.4 (24.9 to 27.9) |
| >208.5 | 1308 | 40 153 064 | 33.1 (30.6 to 35.6) |
| Job characteristics | |||
| Hours worked in all jobs in preceding week | |||
| 1–34 hours (part-time) | 1430 | 28 052 293 | 20.4 (19.2 to 21.7) |
| 35–47 hours (standard) | 3005 | 67 054 294 | 48.8 (46.6 to 51.0) |
| ≥48 (long) | 1635 | 42 341 909 | 30.8 (28.7 to 33.0) |
| Months worked in current/main job | |||
| 0–12 | 1934 | 38 496 194 | 26.7 (25.4 to 28.1) |
| 13–48 | 1613 | 35 885 117 | 24.9 (23.4 to 26.5) |
| 49–119 | 1177 | 28 911 552 | 20.1 (18.8 to 21.4) |
| ≥120 | 1610 | 40 624 276 | 28.2 (25.9 to 30.7) |
| Occupation categories | |||
| White collar | 3117 | 81 602 165 | 56.7 (53.6 to 59.8) |
| Service | 1427 | 25 595 560 | 17.8 (16.2 to 19.5) |
| Farm and blue collar | 1782 | 36 607 064 | 25.5 (23.0 to 28.0) |
| Sleep characteristics | |||
| Sleep duration per weekday/workday | |||
| <7 hours | 2512 | 54 119 388 | 37.6 (35.2 to 40.0) |
| 7–9 hours | 3724 | 87 945 034 | 61.1 (58.6 to 63.5) |
| 10 or more hours | 101 | 1 934 837 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) |
| Sleep latency (time required to fall asleep) | |||
| 0–10 min | 2873 | 67 745 916 | 47.1 (44.9 to 49.3) |
| 11–29 min | 1232 | 28 723 589 | 20.0 (18.6 to 21.5) |
| 30–59 min | 1371 | 30 593 742 | 21.3 (19.7 to 22.9) |
| 60 or more min | 849 | 16 722 239 | 11.6 (10.6 to 12.8) |
| Physician-diagnosed sleep disorder†† | |||
| No | 5986 | 134 884 353 | 93.8 (93.0 to 94.5) |
| Yes | 343 | 8 943 077 | 6.2 (5.5 to 7.0) |
| Sleeping pills or other medication use to help with sleep (times/previous month) | |||
| 0 | 5455 | 120 602 534 | 83.8 (82.8 to 84.7) |
| >0 to <5 | 555 | 14 140 653 | 9.8 (8.8 to 10.9) |
| ≥5 | 327 | 9 235 618 | 6.4 (5.6 to 7.3) |
*Unweighted sample size.
†PIR is calculated as the ratio of self-reported family income to the poverty threshold level according to US Census Bureau poverty guidelines.22
‡Body mass index=measured weight in kilograms/(measured height in metres)2.
§Self-reported alcohol intake for the 12 months that preceded interview was determined for participants aged ≥20 years. Alcohol intake was categorised as: excessive (>2 drinks per day for men and >1 drink per day for women), low/moderate (>0 but <2 drinks per day for men and ≤1 drink per day for women) and none.
¶Binge drinking=days in preceding year that participant consumed five or more alcoholic drinks in a single day.
**Calculated from fluid (coffee, tea and soda) and food sources (chocolate) reported in two 24-hour dietary recalls, and categorised into quartiles based on intake distribution.
††Participant ever told by a doctor or other health professional that they had a sleep disorder, including sleep apnoea, insomnia, restless leg syndrome or ‘other’.
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PIR, poverty income ratio.