HRFs among employees with and without WC claims
| HRF characteristics | Overall (N=16 926) | No claim (n=16 393) | Claim (n=533) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With HRF | Without HRF | ||||||
| Per cent+ | Per cent+ | Per cent+ | Mean cost ($) | SD | Mean cost ($) | SD | |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Alcohol use, excessive | 8 | 8 | 8 | $6859 | $24 261 | $3737 | $11 802 |
| Drinking and driving, yes* | 18 | 19 | 15 | $6167 | $19 801 | $3583 | $11 561 |
| Exercise, inadequate | 36 | 36 | 35 | $4119 | $11 964 | $3891 | $13 744 |
| Fruits/vegetable intake, poor | 33 | 33 | 33 | $4085 | $15 173 | $3914 | $12 023 |
| Helmet use, poor | 19 | 19 | 21 | $4830 | $16 480 | $3740 | $12 097 |
| Lifting practices, poor | 41 | 41 | 39 | $3993 | $10 850 | $3957 | $14 431 |
| Seat belt use, poor* | 21 | 20 | 26 | $5235 | $19 536 | $3525 | $9945 |
| Secondhand smoke, yes* | 15 | 14 | 21 | $4474 | $18 216 | $3837 | $11 441 |
| Sleep, poor | 45 | 45 | 49 | $4121 | $15 739 | $3829 | $10 112 |
| Smoker, currently* | 13 | 13 | 18 | $5010 | $19 090 | $3743 | $11 443 |
| Psychosocial factors | |||||||
| Anxiety, chronic | 18 | 18 | 19 | $5273 | $18 870 | $3666 | $11 401 |
| Depression, yes | 21 | 20 | 22 | $5617 | $18 708 | $3508 | $11 068 |
| Job health culture, excellent | 37 | 37 | 35 | $2828 | $9297 | $2743 | $11.895 |
| Job health culture, good | 44 | 45 | 48 | $3089 | $13 476 | $2473 | $8352 |
| Job health culture, fair | 15 | 15 | 14 | $2029 | $7108 | $2911 | $11 729 |
| Job health culture, poor | 4 | 4 | 3 | $1296 | $2616 | $2826 | $11 317 |
| Stress at home, yes | 18 | 18 | 19 | $3030 | $7479 | $4185 | $14 114 |
| Stress at work, yes | 31 | 30 | 32 | $4963 | $17 306 | $3494 | $10 565 |
| Stress over finances, yes* | 63 | 63 | 67 | $3726 | $13 785 | $4476 | $11 715 |
| Health condition factors | |||||||
| Arthritis, yes† | 15 | 15 | 17 | $6427 | $21 302 | $3458 | $10 647 |
| Asthma, yes | 11 | 11 | 11 | $4723 | $11 532 | $3883 | $13 323 |
| Back pain, yes | 22 | 22 | 25 | $5096 | $17 908 | $3579 | $11 114 |
| Blood pressure, high | 14 | 14 | 14 | $3503 | $10 438 | $4049 | $13 544 |
| BMI, abnormal* | 59 | 58 | 63 | $4460 | $15 081 | $3122 | $8786 |
| Cancer, yes | 3 | 3 | 3 | $4322 | $7595 | $3961 | $13 261 |
| Cholesterol, high | 16 | 16 | 16 | $5206 | $14 725 | $3737 | $12 821 |
| Dental examination, no* | 29 | 29 | 32 | $3406 | $9329 | $4238 | $14 601 |
| Diabetes, yes*† | 4 | 4 | 6 | $12 074 | $34 346 | $3488 | $10 519 |
| Digestive disorder, yes* | 15 | 15 | 19 | $5329 | $15 671 | $3649 | $12 464 |
| Fatigue, chronic† | 19 | 19 | 22 | $5758 | $19 529 | $3479 | $10 718 |
| Headaches, severe | 25 | 25 | 27 | $5356 | $17 634 | $3453 | $10 983 |
| Heart disease, yes | 1 | 1 | 2 | $1709 | $1346 | $4010 | $13 247 |
| Irritable bowel disorder, yes | 12 | 12 | 12 | $2934 | $6395 | $4112 | $13 805 |
| Lung disease, yes | 3 | 3 | 4 | $2677 | $5977 | $4027 | $13 362 |
| Osteoporosis, yes | 3 | 3 | 3 | $8586 | $18 336 | $3855 | $12 986 |
| Overall health, excellent* | 16 | 16 | 14 | $2309 | $6888 | $2848 | $11 686 |
| Overall health, very good* | 42 | 43 | 36 | $2792 | $11 347 | $2757 | $10 993 |
| Overall health, good* | 34 | 34 | 43 | $3040 | $12 748 | $2591 | $9905 |
| Overall health, fair* | 7 | 7 | 6 | $2134 | $6610 | $2817 | $11 383 |
| Overall health, poor* | 1 | 1 | 1 | $1787 | $3120 | $2777 | $11 156 |
| Physical examination, no | 23 | 23 | 24 | $3908 | $14 216 | $3991 | $12 082 |
| Stroke, yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | $1838 | $1636 | $3991 | $13 199 |
+Per cents are calculated based on the total sample size for each column. For example, among employees who filed a WC claim (n=533), 67% of them experienced stress over finances.
*χ2 test p<0.05, Ho: Employee HRF status is independent of prior WC status.
†t-Test p<0.05, Ho: Mean total WC cost is not significantly different among claimants with and without HRF.
BMI, body mass index; HRF, health risk factor; WC, workers' compensation.