Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate GLM regression models of ability of HRFs to predict WC claim medical cost
| HRF | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=533) | (n=493) | |||||
| β* | (95% CI) | p Value | β* | (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Lifestyle factors† | ||||||
| Alcohol use, excessive | −0.05 | −0.46 to 0.36 | 0.80 | −0.08 | −0.78 to 0.61 | 0.81 |
| Drinking and driving, yes | 0.07 | −0.19 to 0.32 | 0.60 | 0.04 | −0.42 to 0.50 | 0.87 |
| Exercise, inadequate | −0.03 | −0.21 to 0.15 | 0.74 | −0.14 | −0.36 to 0.08 | 0.22 |
| Fruits/vegetable intake, poor | −0.01 | −0.18 to 0.15 | 0.90 | 0.04 | −0.28 to 0.36 | 0.80 |
| Helmet use, poor | −0.07 | −0.28 to 0.14 | 0.49 | −0.01 | −0.36 to 0.34 | 0.97 |
| Lifting practices, poor | 0.06 | −0.13 to 0.24 | 0.56 | −0.02 | −0.29 to 0.26 | 0.91 |
| Seat belt use, poor | 0.00 | −0.20 to 0.20 | 0.99 | −0.04 | −0.41 to 0.32 | 0.81 |
| Secondhand smoke, yes | −0.02 | −0.23 to 0.19 | 0.86 | 0.14 | −0.11 to 0.38 | 0.28 |
| Sleep, poor | 0.27 | 0.10 to 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.13 | −0.25 to 0.52 | 0.50 |
| Smoker, currently | 0.28 | 0.03 to 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.15 to 0.62 | 0.24 |
| Psychosocial factors† | ||||||
| Anxiety, chronic | −0.03 | −0.28 to 0.22 | 0.84 | 0.08 | −0.28 to 0.44 | 0.66 |
| Depression, yes | 0.10 | −0.15 to 0.35 | 0.41 | −0.08 | −0.42 to 0.26 | 0.66 |
| Job health culture, poor | 0.00 | −0.11 to 0.11 | 1.00 | −0.08 | −0.22 to 0.05 | 0.23 |
| Stress at home, yes | 0.09 | −0.12 to 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.03 to 0.55 | 0.03 |
| Stress at work, yes | −0.03 | −0.22 to 0.16 | 0.73 | 0.07 | −0.21 to 0.36 | 0.61 |
| Stress over finances, yes | −0.35 | −0.55 to −0.15 | 0.00 | −0.39 | −0.63 to −0.15 | 0.00 |
| Health condition factors† | ||||||
| Arthritis, yes | 0.13 | −0.10 to 0.37 | 0.27 | −0.08 | −0.51 to 0.35 | 0.73 |
| Asthma, yes | 0.19 | −0.06 to 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.16 | −0.24 to 0.57 | 0.43 |
| Back pain, yes | 0.15 | −0.06 to 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.06 | −0.21 to 0.33 | 0.66 |
| Blood pressure, high | −0.41 | −0.63 to −0.19 | 0.00 | −0.15 | −0.56 to 0.25 | 0.46 |
| BMI, abnormal | 0.00 | −0.18 to 0.18 | 0.98 | −0.12 | −0.35 to 0.10 | 0.28 |
| Cancer, yes | −0.12 | −0.60 to 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.51 | −0.42 to 1.44 | 0.28 |
| Cholesterol, high | 0.33 | 0.07 to 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.26 to 0.53 | 0.50 |
| Dental examination, no | 0.13 | −0.04 to 0.29 | 0.14 | −0.02 | −0.23 to 0.19 | 0.82 |
| Diabetes, yes | 0.00 | −0.38 to 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.13 | −0.53 to 0.78 | 0.71 |
| Digestive issues, yes | 0.15 | −0.09 to 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.20 | −0.14 to 0.55 | 0.25 |
| Fatigue, chronic | −0.15 | −0.45 to 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.22 | −0.21 to 0.66 | 0.32 |
| Headaches, severe | 0.11 | −0.10 to 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.26 | −0.01 to 0.54 | 0.06 |
| Heart disease, yes | 0.74 | 0.21 to 1.27 | 0.01 | −0.33 | −2.08 to 1.42 | 0.71 |
| Irritable bowel disorder, yes | −0.21 | −0.49 to 0.07 | 0.15 | −0.38 | −0.77 to 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Lung disease, yes | −1.14 | −1.76 to −0.51 | 0.00 | −0.35 | −0.96 to 0.26 | 0.26 |
| Osteoporosis, yes | 0.94 | 0.02 to 1.85 | 0.04 | 0.58 | −0.32 to 1.47 | 0.20 |
| Overall health rating | −0.05 | −0.17 to 0.07 | 0.43 | −0.10 | −0.30 to 0.10 | 0.33 |
| Physical examination, no | −0.19 | −0.34 to −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.27 | −0.50 to −0.04 | 0.02 |
| Stroke, yes | 1.35 | 0.86 to 1.84 | <0.01 | 0.43 | −0.78 to 1.63 | 0.49 |
| κ* | −1.20 | −1.48 to −0.91 | <0.01 | −1.28 | −1.76 to −0.79 | <0.01 |
Adjusted model includes age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, pay scheme (salary/hourly), employment type (full time/part time), industry (SIC code), occupation, income and company size (number of employees).
*κ is a shape parameter that is used to determine whether the data best fit a generalised gamma distribution or one of the special cases of a generalised gamma distribution (lognormal, Weibull or gamma distribution). Compared to the κs for the other distributions, the κ for the gamma distribution was significantly better (data not shown).
†The reference group for each HRF is a worker who did not have the HRF.
HRF, health risk factor.