Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate GLM regression models of the ability of HRFs to predict WC claim total cost
| HRF | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=533) | (n=499) | |||||
| β* | (95% CI) | p Value | β* | (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Lifestyle factors† | ||||||
| Alcohol use, excessive | 0.04 | −0.43 to 0.51 | 0.85 | −0.02 | −0.57 to 0.53 | 0.93 |
| Drinking and driving, yes | 0.11 | −0.16 to 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.11 | −0.26 to 0.47 | 0.56 |
| Exercise, inadequate | −0.06 | −0.25 to 0.13 | 0.53 | −0.14 | −0.38 to 0.09 | 0.23 |
| Fruits/vegetable intake, poor | 0.00 | −0.18 to 0.18 | 0.99 | −0.03 | −0.37 to 0.31 | 0.87 |
| Helmet use, poor | −0.10 | −0.32 to 0.11 | 0.35 | −0.06 | −0.31 to 0.20 | 0.66 |
| Lifting practices, poor | 0.03 | −0.16 to 0.22 | 0.78 | −0.01 | −0.31 to 0.29 | 0.95 |
| Seat belt use, poor | 0.05 | −0.17 to 0.26 | 0.67 | −0.03 | −0.35 to 0.29 | 0.85 |
| Secondhand smoke, yes | −0.10 | −0.32 to 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.16 | −0.11 to 0.43 | 0.24 |
| Sleep, poor | 0.21 | 0.03 to 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.18 | −0.12 to 0.47 | 0.24 |
| Smoker, currently | 0.42 | 0.15 to 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.17 | −0.20 to 0.55 | 0.37 |
| Psychosocial factors† | ||||||
| Anxiety, chronic | 0.00 | −0.23 to 0.24 | 0.98 | 0.05 | −0.30 to 0.39 | 0.79 |
| Depression, yes | 0.14 | −0.11 to 0.39 | 0.29 | −0.06 | −0.45 to 0.34 | 0.78 |
| Job health culture, poor | −0.01 | −0.12 to 0.10 | 0.85 | −0.03 | −0.17 to 0.10 | 0.62 |
| Stress at home, yes | 0.11 | −0.12 to 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.06 to 0.54 | 0.01 |
| Stress at work, yes | 0.03 | −0.16 to 0.23 | 0.74 | 0.07 | −0.24 to 0.38 | 0.65 |
| Stress over finances, yes | −0.36 | −0.55 to −0.17 | 0.00 | −0.36 | −0.57 to −0.14 | 0.00 |
| Health condition factors† | ||||||
| Arthritis, yes | 0.13 | −0.10 to 0.36 | 0.27 | −0.04 | −0.36 to 0.29 | 0.82 |
| Asthma, yes | 0.15 | −0.12 to 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.05 | −0.32 to 0.43 | 0.78 |
| Back pain, yes | 0.25 | 0.04 to 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.08 | −0.21 to 0.36 | 0.60 |
| Blood pressure, high | −0.35 | −0.57 to −0.13 | 0.00 | −0.17 | −0.50 to 0.16 | 0.31 |
| BMI, abnormal | 0.05 | −0.14 to 0.24 | 0.60 | −0.07 | −0.34 to 0.19 | 0.60 |
| Cancer, yes | −0.17 | −0.66 to 0.32 | 0.50 | 0.63 | −0.13 to 1.38 | 0.10 |
| Cholesterol, high | 0.39 | 0.13 to 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.39 to 0.50 | 0.81 |
| Dental examination, no | 0.13 | −0.04 to 0.30 | 0.13 | −0.01 | −0.21 to 0.19 | 0.92 |
| Diabetes, yes | 0.04 | −0.37 to 0.45 | 0.85 | 0.15 | −0.40 to 0.70 | 0.59 |
| Digestive issues, yes | 0.13 | −0.11 to 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.27 | −0.02 to 0.56 | 0.07 |
| Fatigue, chronic | −0.19 | −0.47 to 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.17 | −0.25 to 0.59 | 0.42 |
| Headaches, severe | 0.09 | −0.13 to 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.20 | −0.11 to 0.50 | 0.20 |
| Heart disease, yes | 0.77 | 0.32 to 1.22 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −1.36 to 1.23 | 0.92 |
| Irritable bowel disorder, yes | −0.33 | −0.62 to −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.33 | −0.76 to 0.09 | 0.12 |
| Lung disease, yes | −0.88 | −1.28 to −0.48 | <0.01 | −0.11 | −0.87 to 0.65 | 0.77 |
| Osteoporosis, yes | 0.14 | −1.78 to 2.06 | 0.89 | 0.30 | −0.88 to 1.48 | 0.62 |
| Overall health rating | −0.09 | −0.22 to 0.03 | 0.15 | −0.16 | −0.34 to 0.02 | 0.07 |
| Physical examination, no | −0.21 | −0.37 to −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.26 | −0.49 to −0.03 | 0.03 |
| Stroke, yes | 1.21 | 0.82 to 1.60 | <0.01 | 0.53 | −0.81 to 1.87 | 0.44 |
| κ* | −1.19 | −1.37 to −0.79 | <0.01 | −1.50 | −2.01 to −1.00. | <0.01 |
Adjusted model includes age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, pay scheme (salary/hourly), employment type (full time/part time), industry (SIC code), occupation, income and company size (number of employees).
*κ is a shape parameter that is used to determine whether the data best fit a generalised gamma distribution or one of the special cases of a generalised gamma distribution (lognormal, Weibull or gamma distribution). Compared to the κs for the other distributions, the κ for the gamma distribution was significantly better (data not shown).
†The reference group for each HRF is a worker who did not have the HRF.
HRF, health risk factor.