Author | Type of work | Placement of measurement equipment | Type of instrument | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lehnert7 | Welding | Close to welder (different distances) | SMPS | Median, IQR total: 6.72×104 (4.7–9.7×104) GMAW: 6.3×104 (5.3–8.8×104) FCAW: 4.9×104 (4.4–7.8×104 TIG: 1.1×105 (9.6×104–1.6×105) SMAW: 5.4 (4.1–7.7×104 |
Gomes8 | Welding | Close to welder different distances (welder mask, 3060 cm) | SMPS | Average electrical mobility diameter: MAG: 137.4±2.5 nm, FSW. 49.5±2.2 nm Number of particles: MAG 9.75×103, FSW. 1.14×104 |
Kim9 | Rubber Manufacturing industry | Mobile cart, 1.5 m from ground | ELPI | Peak 15 min conc: 5.45×105 |
Elihn10 | Asphalt work | Close vicinity to newly produced asphalt—also mobile measurements | Ptrak SMPS | Paving Average/median 3.4×104 IQR: 1.3×104–7.5×104 peak concentrations 1·105–2.2×105, mode: 70 nm |
Elihn and Berg12 | 7 Industrial Plants | 1–3 m from job activities | Ptrak | Fettling of aluminium: median 1.30×105, Peak: 4.43×105, IQR 1.02–1.53×105 Concrete work: median 1.2×104–2.2×104, Peak: 1.45×105–4.42×105, IQR 7×103–2.1×104. |
Peters23 | Engine Machining and Assembly Hall | Mobile cart | CPC3007 OPC | 15–150 times greater than outside factory GM >106 natural gas burners heating the supply air GM: 250–750×103 due to metalworking operations |
Cheng24 | Iron foundry: Metal melting, pouring, moulding processes | Casting area | SMPS | AM: 7.06×104 (SD 4.24×104) GM. 6.14×104 (GSD 1.66) Mode: 46.1 nm |
Heitbrink25 | Engine Machining and Assembly Facility | Mapping in the facility area | CPC3007 | <105 during summer 3×105–7.5×105 during winter, depending on heating systems |
Kero26 | Ferro alloy industry | Tapping area | ELPI | Maximum peak 1.2×107 (readout) tapping area ferrosilicon furnace) Maximum peak 6×106 (silicomanganese furnace) Bimodal size distribution (20 nm and 310 nm) |
Evans27 | Grey Iron foundry | Different locations | CPC, ELPI | GM 3.3×104–1.6×106 |
Evans28 | Carbon Nanofibre Production | Mobile sampling platform 1.5 m from ground | ELPI FMPS | Elevated conc. up to 1.15×106 Source: thermal treatment of CNF Primary mode: 200 and 250 nm |
Kuhlbusch29 | Carbon Black Production | 1–3 m from packaging | SMPS | Ultrafine particles were most likely attributed to sources like forklift and gas heater emission |
Wake30 | Industries with use or handling of ultrafine powders | Different companies and a research laboratory | Maximum: 3.8×106 | |
Thomassen31 | Primary aluminium smelter | Inside the crane cabin and in the prebake potroom | SMPS | Maximum peak 3×105–4.5×105 (read out of figures) |
Baxter32 | Firefighters | Standing in face-level of 1.68 m in different fire scenarios | M100XP | No specific concentrations reported. 70–91% in the UFP range |
CNF, carbon nanofibers; CPC, Condensation Particle Counter; ELPI, Electrical Low Pressure Impactor; FCAW, gas metal arc welding with flux-cored wire; FMPS, Fast Mobility Particle Sizer; FSW, friction-stir welding; GSD, geometric; GM, geometric mean; HEPA, high-efficiency particulate air; MAG, metal-active gas; M100X P, Wide range particle spectrometer model M100XP; OPC, optical particle sizer; RSW, Resistance spot welding; SMAW, shielded metal arc welding; SMPS, scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Spectrometer; TIG, tungsten inert gas welding; UFP, ultrafine particles.