Table 2

Association between lung cancer and exposure to organic solvents*, men, France, 2001–2007

CEI	Cases	Controls	OR†	95% CI	Cases	Controls	OR‡	95% CI	OR§	95% CI	Ridge regression OR¶
TCE
Not exposed	2183	2717	Ref.	–	2165	2711	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	14	17	1.04	0.45 to 2.39	14	17	0.83	0.34 to 2.02			0.94
Medium	14	16	1.53	0.64 to 3.66	14	16	0.95	0.37 to 2.48			1.08
High	22	19	1.15	0.55 to 2.41	21	19	0.91	0.43 to 1.94			1.01
BZ
Not exposed	1892	2454	Ref.	–	1856	2444	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	108	103	1.29	0.92 to 1.80	108	102	1.01	0.59 to 1.71			1.11
Medium	106	103	1.14	0.80 to 1.60	105	102	0.86	0.45 to 1.65			1.03
High	129	106	0.97	0.70 to 1.35	126	106	0.95	0.44 to 2.04			1.06
WS
Not exposed	1994	2577	Ref.	–	1953	2563	Ref.	–	Ref.	–	Ref.
Low	52	65	0.92	0.58 to 1.45	51	65	0.89	0.52 to 1.51	0.94	0.59 to 1.48	0.95
Medium	87	62	1.66	1.12 to 2.46	86	62	1.53	0.87 to 2.67	1.67	1.13 to 2.48	1.29
High	106	66	1.36	0.92 to 2.02	105	64	1.52	0.77 to 3.01	1.40	0.94 to 2.09	1.25
KDF
Not exposed	1925	2421	Ref.	–	1894	2410	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	104	116	0.97	0.69 to 1.35	103	116	0.98	0.69 to 1.38			0.97
Medium	99	111	1.14	0.81 to 1.60	98	111	1.16	0.80 to 1.67			1.07
High	104	117	0.77	0.55 to 1.07	100	117	0.79	0.48 to 1.29			0.89
SBPs
Not exposed	2168	2708	Ref.	–	2129	2695	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	19	20	1.16	0.54 to 2.49	19	20	1.24	0.53 to 2.92			1.04
Medium	25	19	1.78	0.90 to 3.51	25	19	1.55	0.70 to 3.46			1.24
High	22	20	1.33	0.61 to 2.89	22	20	1.13	0.46 to 2.76			1.07
GL
Not exposed	2043	2554	Ref.	–	2012	2543	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	57	71	0.75	0.49 to 1.17	57	71	0.74	0.45 to 1.21			0.87
Medium	61	68	1.11	0.73 to 1.70	61	68	1.23	0.55 to 2.75			1.06
High	67	72	0.68	0.45 to 1.03	65	72	1.10	0.43 to 2.82			0.94
Alc
Not exposed	1895	2380	Ref.	–	1866	2369	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	121	128	1.10	0.80 to 1.51	118	128	1.00	0.71 to 1.40			1.02
Medium	91	127	0.90	0.63 to 1.27	90	126	0.91	0.60 to 1.37			0.93
High	122	131	1.23	0.90 to 1.68	121	131	1.26	0.85 to 1.88			1.09
KetEst
Not exposed	1786	2313	Ref.	–	1758	2301	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	163	150	1.21	0.91 to 1.61	161	150	1.28	0.91 to 1.80			1.16
Medium	149	150	1.16	0.86 to 1.56	146	150	1.32	0.92 to 1.90			1.16
High	132	154	0.89	0.66 to 1.20	130	153	0.81	0.55 to 1.20			0.93
Et₂O
Not exposed	2208	2715	Ref.	–	2172	2706	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	11	16	1.02	0.40 to 2.61	10	16	1.04	0.38 to 2.85			1.00
Medium	8	16	0.80	0.29 to 2.18	8	16	0.73	0.26 to 2.06			0.85
High	5	17	0.38	0.12 to 1.28	5	16	0.36	0.11 to 1.25			0.59
Glycol
Not exposed	2079	2586	Ref.	–	2046	2576	Ref.	–	Not selected		Ref.
Low	55	59	1.12	0.71 to 1.76	55	59	0.98	0.49 to 1.97			1.04
Medium	54	58	0.91	0.57 to 1.44	53	58	0.74	0.38 to 1.46			0.94
High	43	61	0.57	0.35 to 0.92	41	61	0.63	0.27 to 1.48			0.82
THF
Not exposed	2202	2735	Ref.	–	2167	2725	Ref.	–	Ref.	–	Ref.
Low	3	10	0.22	0.05 to 0.94	3	10	0.19	0.04 to 0.79	0.24	0.06 to 1.00	0.44
Medium	13	9	2.07	0.71 to 5.99	13	9	1.71	0.56 to 5.20	2.22	0.76 to 6.44	1.60
High	12	10	1.37	0.44 to 4.21	12	10	1.14	0.36 to 3.65	1.47	0.47 to 4.53	1.26

*All models were systematically adjusted for age, départements, CSI and CEI of asbestos.
†Logistic regression model performed separately for each substance.
‡Logistic regression model performed on all substances at a time.
§Logistic regression model performed respectively with stepwise backward and stepwise forward variable selection.
¶Ridge regression estimates, corresponding to the optimal λ equal to 598.97 obtained using cross-validation.35 We did not penalise the adjusting variable coefficients.
Alc, alcohol; BZ, benzene; CEI, Cumulative Exposure Index; CSI, Comprehensive Smoking Index; Et₂O, diethyl ether; GL, gasoline; Glycol, ethylene glycol; High, CEI>2nd tertile; KDF, kerosene/diesel oil/fuel oils; KetEst, ketones/esters; Low, CEI≤1st tertile; Medium, 1st tertile<CEI≤2nd tertile; SBPs, special boiling point spirits and other aliphatic petroleum-based solvents; TCE, trichloroethylene; THF, tetrahydrofuran; WS, white spirits.