Percentages of work time spent in eight different types of physical workload and risk of long-term sickness absence among the total cohort
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of work time | N | % | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Standing in the same place | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 8749 | 74.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1295 | 11.1 | 1.22 (1.01 to 1.48) | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.49) | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.50) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.37) | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.36) |
| 50 | 797 | 6.8 | 1.25 (0.99 to 1.57) | 1.30 (1.03 to 1.64) | 1.30 (1.04 to 1.65) | 1.33 (1.05 to 1.69) | 1.29 (1.02 to 1.63) |
| 75–100 | 844 | 7.2 | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.53) | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.47) | 1.17 (0.92 to 1.49) | 1.19 (0.93 to 1.52) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.45) |
| Back strongly bent | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 9324 | 79.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1219 | 10.4 | 1.67 (1.40 to 1.99) | 1.62 (1.36 to 1.94) | 1.60 (1.33 to 1.91) | 1.48 (1.23 to 1.77) | 1.38 (1.14 to 1.66) |
| 50 | 652 | 5.6 | 1.88 (1.51 to 2.34) | 1.86 (1.48 to 2.32) | 1.73 (1.38 to 2.17) | 1.67 (1.33 to 2.11) | 1.54 (1.22 to 1.95) |
| 75–100 | 515 | 4.4 | 1.82 (1.41 to 2.33) | 1.67 (1.29 to 2.17) | 1.61 (1.24 to 2.10) | 1.53 (1.17 to 2.00) | 1.42 (1.08 to 1.86) |
| Frequent twisting or turning of back | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 7638 | 65.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1545 | 13.2 | 1.86 (1.57 to 2.19) | 1.80 (1.52 to 2.13) | 1.74 (1.46 to 2.06) | 1.67 (1.40 to 1.99) | 1.56 (1.31 to 1.87) |
| 50 | 1258 | 10.7 | 1.53 (1.26 to 1.85) | 1.46 (1.20 to 1.78) | 1.42 (1.16 to 1.73) | 1.45 (1.18 to 1.77) | 1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) |
| 75–100 | 1269 | 10.8 | 2.11 (1.78 to 2.50) | 2.04 (1.70 to 2.43) | 1.90 (1.59 to 2.28) | 1.80 (1.49 to 2.17) | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.98) |
| Arms above shoulder height | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 9908 | 84.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1081 | 9.2 | 1.67 (1.40 to 2.01) | 1.62 (1.34 to 1.95) | 1.52 (1.26 to 1.85) | 1.45 (1.19 to 1.76) | 1.31 (1.08 to 1.60) |
| 50 | 420 | 3.6 | 1.56 (1.16 to 2.10) | 1.58 (1.17 to 2.14) | 1.54 (1.13 to 2.09) | 1.53 (1.13 to 2.09) | 1.40 (1.03 to 1.91) |
| 75–100 | 314 | 2.7 | 1.79 (1.30 to 2.47) | 1.67 (1.19 to 2.34) | 1.52 (1.08 to 2.15) | 1.62 (1.13 to 2.31) | 1.43 (1.00 to 2.05) |
| Repetitive arm movement | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 8224 | 70.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 947 | 8.1 | 1.24 (1.00 to 1.53) | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.52) | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.46) | 1.29 (1.03 to 1.62) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.51) |
| 50 | 926 | 7.9 | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.28) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.51) | 1.09 (0.85 to 1.40) |
| 75–100 | 1623 | 13.9 | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.15) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.14) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.12) | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.57) | 1.16 (0.94 to 1.41) |
| Squatting or kneeling | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 10 223 | 87.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 972 | 8.3 | 1.70 (1.41 to 2.05) | 1.59 (1.31 to 1.94) | 1.49 (1.22 to 1.82) | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.67) | 1.27 (1.03 to 1.55) |
| 50 | 333 | 2.8 | 1.66 (1.21 to 2.28) | 1.66 (1.20 to 2.29) | 1.55 (1.13 to 2.15) | 1.46 (1.06 to 2.02) | 1.34 (0.97 to 1.86) |
| 75–100 | 194 | 1.7 | 1.96 (1.32 to 2.93) | 1.89 (1.25 to 2.86) | 1.90 (1.25 to 2.89) | 1.55 (1.02 to 2.36) | 1.39 (0.92 to 2.12) |
| Pushing or pulling | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 9590 | 81.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1362 | 11.6 | 1.59 (1.34 to 1.89) | 1.53 (1.28 to 1.82) | 1.45 (1.21 to 1.73) | 1.35 (1.12 to 1.62) | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48) |
| 50 | 453 | 3.9 | 2.06 (1.61 to 2.65) | 2.06 (1.59 to 2.66) | 1.96 (1.51 to 2.54) | 1.74 (1.34 to 2.26) | 1.56 (1.20 to 2.04) |
| 75–100 | 326 | 2.8 | 2.14 (1.61 to 2.85) | 2.05 (1.52 to 2.76) | 1.95 (1.44 to 2.65) | 1.67 (1.23 to 2.27) | 1.47 (1.07 to 2.01) |
| Lifting or carrying | |||||||
| 0–12.5 | 7968 | 67.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 | 1960 | 16.7 | 1.49 (1.27 to 1.75) | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.71) | 1.39 (1.18 to 1.64) | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.58) | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) |
| 50 | 973 | 8.3 | 1.78 (1.45 to 2.17) | 1.71 (1.38 to 2.11) | 1.63 (1.31 to 2.02) | 1.69 (1.36 to 2.09) | 1.52 (1.22 to 1.90) |
| 75–100 | 845 | 7.2 | 1.94 (1.57 to 2.39) | 1.97 (1.59 to 2.44) | 1.90 (1.53 to 2.36) | 1.75 (1.40 to 2.18) | 1.53 (1.22 to 1.93) |
Risk estimates are provided as HRs and 95% CIs.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender and year of questionnaire reply.
Model 2: Model 1+ psychosocial work environment (influence at work, emotional demands, support from colleagues, support from leader).
Model 3: Model 2+ lifestyle (smoking, leisure physical activity, BMI).
Model 4: Model 3+ back pain, neck-shoulder pain and mental health.
Model 5: Model 4+ socioeconomic status.
BMI, body mass index.