Adjusted associations† between different measures of the OP of PM10 and PM2.5, and percentage changes in FENO, lung function and markers in NAL 2 h after exposure
| All sites | Outdoor only | All sites, adjusted underground | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (%) | (95% CI) | Estimate (%) | (95% CI) | Estimate (%) | (95% CI) | |
| FENO‡ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | 3.8* | (0.8 to 6.8) | 10.0** | (3.5 to 16.4) | 9.0** | (2.9 to 15.0) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | 3.6** | (1.1 to 6.2) | 13.6** | (7.4 to 19.8) | 13.1** | (7.1 to 19.2) |
| OPESR_PM10 | 2.4* | (0.5 to 4.4) | 9.2** | (3.9 to 14.5) | 9.2** | (4.1 to 14.2) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | 2.5* | (0.6 to 4.4) | 10.4** | (5.2 to 15.7) | 10.2** | (5.2 to 15.3) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | 2.2* | (0.2 to 4.2) | 14.8** | (6.5 to 23.0) | 13.9** | (6.8 to 21.0) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | 3.6** | (1.1 to 6.2) | 10.8** | (4.7 to 17.0) | 10.9** | (5.4 to 16.5) |
| FVC‡ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | −0.22 | (−0.79 to 0.34) | −1.17* | (−2.35 to 0.00) | −0.94 | (−2.08 to 0.20) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | −0.12 | (−0.60 to 0.35) | −0.98 | (−2.17 to 0.21) | −0.85 | (−2.02 to 0.32) |
| OPESR_PM10 | −0.13 | (−0.50 to 0.23) | −1.05* | (−2.02 to −0.08) | −0.96* | (−1.91 to 0.00) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | −0.07 | (−0.43 to 0.29) | −0.67 | (−1.67 to 0.33) | −0.61 | (−1.58 to 0.36) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | −0.05 | (−0.42 to 0.32) | −1.50# | (−3.03 to 0.02) | −0.76 | (−2.12 to 0.60) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | 0.03 | (−0.46 to 0.51) | −0.09 | (−1.26 to 1.07) | 0.05 | (−1.04 to 1.15) |
| FEV1‡ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | −0.33 | (−0.86 to 0.20) | −1.29* | (−2.37 to −0.21) | −1.00 | (−2.08 to 0.07) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | −0.25 | (−0.70 to 0.21) | −1.17* | (−2.31 to −0.04) | −1.03 | (−2.16 to 0.10) |
| OPESR_PM10 | −0.20 | (−0.54 to 0.14) | −1.09* | (−1.99 to −0.18) | −1.01* | (−1.91 to −0.11) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | −0.19 | (−0.53 to 0.16) | −0.95* | (−1.90 to 0.00) | −0.96* | (−1.89 to −0.02) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | −0.11 | (−0.46 to 0.24) | −1.08 | (−2.52 to 0.36) | −0.63 | (−1.91 to 0.66) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | −0.07 | (−0.54 to 0.40) | −0.15 | (−1.27 to 0.98) | 0.01 | (−1.05 to 1.07) |
| NAL IL-6§ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | 14.7* | (2.3 to 28.7) | 30.3* | (3.6 to 64.0) | 36.9** | (8.3 to 72.9) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | 10.7* | (1.2 to 21.1) | 17.8 | (−2.9 to 42.8) | 23.3* | (0.9 to 50.7) |
| OPESR_PM10 | 7.9* | (0.3 to 16.0) | 23.5* | (2.1 to 48.9) | 27.8* | (4.9 to 55.0) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | 6.8 | (−0.2 to 14.2) | 10.9 | (−5.8 to 30.5) | 13.0 | (−4.7 to 34.1) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | 8.8* | (1.5 to 16.5) | 39.2** | (14.6 to 69.0) | 41.5** | (17.2 to 70.9) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | 12.4** | (3.3 to 22.2) | 20.0* | (1.1 to 42.4) | 29.0** | (9.1 to 52.7) |
| NAL protein§ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | 2.9 | (−5.6 to 11.4) | 16.5* | (0.7 to 32.4) | 11.8 | (−5.7 to 29.2) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | 2.2 | (−4.3 to 8.7) | 11.8 | (−1.3 to 24.9) | 10.4 | (−4.3 to 25.0) |
| OPESR_PM10 | 1.2 | (−4.1 to 6.6) | 8.9 | (−4.3 to 22.1) | 9.0 | (−5.6 to 23.5) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | 1.0 | (−3.8 to 5.9) | 6.4 | (−4.8 to 17.5) | 5.9 | (−6.5 to 18.2) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | 1.2 | (−3.8 to 6.2) | 11.4 | (−2.7 to 25.4) | 9.6 | (−4.8 to 24.0) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | 1.5 | (−4.7 to 7.6) | 6.1 | (−5.7 to 17.9) | 5.4 | (−7.1 to 17.8) |
| NAL lactoferrin§ | ||||||
| OPAA_PM10 | 20.9* | (3.6 to 41.0) | 24.7 | (−6.5 to 66.5) | 25.3 | (−8.6 to 71.7) |
| OPAA_PM2.5 | 14.0* | (1.2 to 28.5) | 13.1 | (−11.6 to 44.6) | 13.8 | (−13.1 to 48.9) |
| OPESR_PM10 | 11.2* | (0.9 to 22.6) | 14.9 | (−9.4 to 45.8) | 12.0 | (−14.0 to 45.8) |
| OPESR_PM2.5 | 10.5* | (1.1 to 20.7) | 15.2 | (−6.2 to 41.4) | 12.4 | (−10.3 to 40.8) |
| OPDTT_PM10 | 9.6* | (0.0 to 20.0) | 8.0 | (−16.4 to 39.6) | 4.8 | (−19.4 to 36.3) |
| OPDTT_PM2.5 | 10.1 | (−1.6 to 23.3) | −0.2 | (−19.8 to 24.1) | 0.6 | (−19.9 to 26.4) |
#p<0.10; *p<0.05; **p<0.01.
†Expressed as percentage increase per change in IQR in the log-transformed concentrations at the outdoor sites: 0.72 and 0.71 for OPDTT of PM2.5 and PM10; 1.14 and 1.27 for OPESR of PM2.5 and PM10; 1.15 and 1.51 for OPAA of PM2.5 and PM10, implying a p75/p25 ratio ranging from 2.0 (OPDTT-PM10) to 4.5 (OPAA-PM10).
‡Adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, season, pollen counts and respiratory infections (as in ref 13).
§Adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, season (as in ref 14) and endotoxin.
NAL, nasal lavage; OP, oxidative potential; PM, particulate matter; NAL, nasal lavage.