All | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (range) | N | Mean (range) | N | Mean (range) | |
K-Cd (µg/g ww)* | 109 | 15.0 (1.45–55.4) | 49 | 12.5 (1.64–31.7) | 60 | 17.1 (1.5–55.4) |
B-Cd (µg/L) | 109 | 0.51 (0.02–2.9) | 49 | 0.46 (0.02–2.3) | 60 | 0.54 (0.02–2.9) |
24 h U-Cd24 (µg/24 h)† | 88 | 0.31 (0.04–0.89) | 40 | 0.32 (0.06–0.89) | 48 | 0.31 0.04–0.86) |
ON U-Cd/h (µg/h)‡ | 106 | 0.01 (0.002–0.05) | 48 | 0.01 (0.002–0.05) | 58 | 0.01 (0.004–0.04) |
24 h U-CdCrea (µg/gC)§ | 88 | 0.26 (0.03–1.04) | 40 | 0.21 (0.03–0.58) | 48 | 0.30 (0.03–1.04) |
ON U-CdCrea (µg/gC)§ | 106 | 0.29 (0.04–1.12) | 48 | 0.23 (0.04–0.80) | 58 | 0.34 0.09–1.12) |
Age | 109 | 49.4 (24–70) | 49 | 50.5 (32–70) | 60 | 48.5 (24–64) |
Weight | 107 | 75.2 (49–111) | 49 | 83.3 (65–111) | 58 | 68.5 (49–95) |
Smokers: never/ever | 109 | 41/68 | 49 | 19/30 | 60 | 22/38 |
GFR (mL/min) | 108 | 101 (77–140) | 49 | 100 (78–140) | 59 | 101 (77–139) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 102 | 91 (43–178) | 44 | 90 (51–140) | 58 | 92 (43–178) |
S-cystatin (mg/L) | 102 | 0.88 (0.44–1.5) | 44 | 0.91 (0.62–1.39) | 58 | 0.85 (0.44–1.5) |
24 h U-Crea (mmol/L) | 88 | 6.8 (2.6–13.0) | 40 | 8.4 (3.9–13.0) | 48 | 5.4 (2.6–9.8) |
ON U-Crea (mmol/L) | 106 | 11.6 (2.9–22.0) | 48 | 12.9 (3.8–22.0) | 58 | 10.5 (2.9–22.0) |
24 h U-Alb/h (mg/h)‡ | 87 | 0.30 (0.11–0.88) | 39 | 0.31 (0.11–0.88) | 48 | 0.28 (0.12–0.79) |
24 h U-AlbCrea (mg/gC)§ | 87 | 5.7 (1.9–17.1) | 39 | 4.8 (1.9–17.1) | 48 | 6.4 (2.8–16.1) |
ON U-Alb/h (mg/h)‡ | 105 | 0.24 (0.05–1.19) | 48 | 0.26 (0.05–0.73) | 57 | 0.22 (0.08–1.2) |
ON U-AlbCrea (mg/gC)§ | 105 | 4.8 (0.69–23.6) | 48 | 4.0 (0.69–10.6) | 57 | 5.4 (2.4–23.6) |
24 h U-KIM/h (ng/h)‡ | 88 | 48.1 (9.8–160.5) | 40 | 53.8 (10.7–150.5) | 48 | 43.3 (9.8–160.5) |
24 h U-KIMCrea (ng/mgC)§ | 88 | 0.92 (0.17–4.1) | 40 | 0.80 (0.17–2.7) | 48 | 1.0 (0.20–4.1) |
ON U-KIM/h (ng/h)‡ | 106 | 54.7 (2.2–199.5) | 48 | 60.8 (2.2–199.5) | 58 | 49.7 (11.2–189.3) |
ON U-KIMCrea (ng/mgC)§ | 106 | 1.09 (0.15–3.61) | 48 | 0.95 (0.15–3.2) | 58 | 1.2 (0.32–3.6) |
24 h U-NAG/h (U/h)‡ | 51 | 0.10 (0.03–0.24) | 23 | 0.11 (0.03–0.21) | 28 | 0.09 (0.04–0.24) |
24-h U-NAGCrea (U/gC)§ | 51 | 1.9 (0.32–6.8) | 23 | 1.6 (0.32–2.7) | 28 | 2.1 (1.0–6.8) |
ON U-NAG/h (U/h)‡ | 58 | 0.10 (0.01–0.22) | 25 | 0.11 (0.01–0.22) | 33 | 0.08 (0.03–0.16) |
ON U-NAGCrea (U/gC)§ | 58 | 1.95 (0.18–4.88) | 25 | 1.9 (0.18–4.4) | 33 | 2.0 (0.79–4.9) |
24 h U-A1M/h (mg/h)‡ | 75 | 0.40 (0.20–1.16) | 32 | 0.44 (0.21–1.2) | 43 | 0.36 (0.20–0.75) |
24 h U-A1MCrea (mg/gC)§ | 75 | 7.7 (3.25–18.1) | 32 | 6.8 (3.2–18.1) | 43 | 8.4 (4.5–17.0) |
ON U-A1M/h (mg/h)‡ | 86 | 0.25 (0.07–0.82) | 37 | 0.29 (0.10–0.82) | 49 | 0.22 (0.07–0.49) |
ON U-A1MCrea (mg/gC)§ | 86 | 5.1 (2.0–15.2) | 37 | 4.7 (2.0–14.1) | 49 | 5.4 (2.0–15.2) |
24 h U-B2M/h (mg/h)‡ | 88 | 0.01 (0.001–0.15) | 40 | 0.01 (0.003–0.15) | 48 | 0.01 (0.001–0.07) |
24 h U-B2MCrea (mg/gC)§ | 88 | 0.24 (0.03–2.5) | 40 | 0.20 (0.04–1.9) | 48 | 0.27 (0.03–2.5) |
ON U-B2M/h (mg/h)‡ | 105 | 0.01 (0.001–0.08) | 47 | 0.01 (0.001–0.08) | 58 | 0.007 (0.001–0.07) |
ON U-B2MCrea (mg/gC)§ | 105 | 0.15 (0.01–1.3) | 47 | 0.13 (0.01–1.3) | 58 | 0.16 (0.02–1.3) |
24 h U-RBP/h (µg/h)‡ | 87 | 3.8 (0.60–14.1) | 40 | 4.3 (0.97–9.4) | 47 | 3.3 (0.60–14.1) |
24 h U-RBPCrea (µg/gC)§ | 87 | 70.2 (11.0–260.2) | 40 | 61.6 (17.5–124.5) | 47 | 77.5 (11.0–260.2) |
ON U-RBP/h (µg/h)‡ | 106 | 3.1 (0.24–10.5) | 48 | 3.7 (0.24–9.0) | 58 | 2.7 (0.32–10.5) |
ON U-RBPCrea (µg/gC) § | 106 | 62.6 (7.3–390.5) | 48 | 57.4 (7.3–149.3) | 58 | 66.9 (8.3–390.5) |
24 h sample.
*Wet weight.
†Urinary cadmium excretion rate expressed per 24 h.
‡Excretion rate in urine expressed per hour.
§Concentration in urine adjusted for urinary creatinine concentration.
A1M, α-1-microglobulin; B, blood; B2M, β-2-microglobulin; Alb, albumin; Cd, cadmium; Crea, creatinine; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; K, kidney; KIM, kidney injury molecule; NAG, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase; ON, overnight sample; RBP, retinol-binding protein; U, urine.