Associations between ln-transformed biomarkers of exposure to cadmium and selected markers of kidney function in multiple regression models including age, sex, weight, smoking (never/ever) and pack-years
| Dependent variable | K-Cd | B-Cd | 24 h U-Cd | ON U-Cd | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| µg/g | µg/24h | µg/L | µg/h | µg/L | ||
| β, SE (p value) | β, SE (p value) | β, SE (p value) | β, SE (p value) | β, SE (p value) | β, SE (p value) | |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.001, 0.002 (0.52) | −0.006, 0.03 (0.86) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | −0.044, 0.084 (0.60) | −0.031, 0.11 (0.79) | 0.22, 1.7 (0.90) | 0.023, 0.047 (0.63) | ||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | −0.024, 0.086 (0.78) | 0.047, 0.13 (0.72) | 0.20, 1.7 (0.91) | 0.047, 0.059 (0.42) | ||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | −0.045, 0.085 (0.60) | −0.040, 0.13 (0.76) | 0.18, 1.7 (0.92) | 0.038, 0.056 (0.49) | ||
| S-cystatin C (mg/L) | −0.003, 0.003 (0.32) | −0.08, 0.06 (0.19) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.18, 0.16 (0.28) | 0.29, 0.23 (0.21) | 0.15, 0.09 (0.11) | |||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 0.18, 0.17 (0.30) | 0.37, 0.28 (0.19) | 0.11, 0.12 (0.35) | |||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 0.17, 0.16 (0.30) | 0.21, 0.26 (0.41) | 0.13, 0.11 (0.24) | |||
| 24 h U-Alb (mg/h) | −0.007, 0.007 (0.34) | −0.06, 0.013 (0.65) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.24, 0.33 (0.48) | −0.11, 0.84 (0.41) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 0.24, 0.35 (0.48) | −0.18, 0.52 (0.73) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 0.27, 0.34 (0.44) | 0.02, 0.51 (0.96) | ||||
| ON U-Alb (mg/h) | −0.007, 0.006 (0.31) | 0.18, 0.13 (0.16) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 13, 5.6 (0.054) | 0.06, 0.19 (0.73) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 13, 6.7 (0.06) | 0.07, 0.23 (0.76) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 13, 6.7 (0.06) | 0.16, 0.22 (0.46) | ||||
| 24 h U-A1M (mg/h) | 0.007, 0.004 (0.09) | 0.13, 0.07 (0.09) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.45, 0.24 (0.06) | −0.32, 0.32 (0.33) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 0.70, 0.22 (0.002) | 0.28, 0.35 (0.41) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 0.64, 0.18 (<0.001) | 0.59, 0.29 (0.045) | ||||
| ON U-A1M (mg/h) | ||||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.009, 0.004 (0.040) | 0.20, 0.08 (0.02) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 22, 6.6 (0.002) | −0.51, 0.18 (0.008) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 21, 4.5 (<0.001) | 0.33, 0.17 (0.06) | ||||
| 24 h U-KIM (ng/h) | −0.002, 0.008 (0.78) | −0.09, 0.14 (0.56) | 17, 4.0 (<0.001) | 0.32, 0.15 (0.027) | ||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.42, 0.36 (0.25) | 0.86, 0.49 (0.08) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 0.23, 0.36 (0.52) | 0.33, 0.55 (0.56) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 0.38, 0.36 (0.30) | 0.74, 0.55 (0.19) | ||||
| ON U-KIM (ng/h) | ||||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | −0.012, 0.008 (0.15) | 0.014, 0.17 (0.40) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 14, 8.6 (0.10) | 0.01, 24 (0.96) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 14, 8.7 (0.10) | −0.01, 0.30 (0.97) | ||||
| 24 h U-RBP (ng/h) | −0.002, 0.008 (0.85) | −0.034, 0.15 (0.82) | 17, 4.0 (<0.001) | 0.32, 0.14 (0.03) | ||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 0.005, 0.37 (0.99) | −0.40, 0.50 (0.42) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | −0.03, 0.38 (0.94) | −0.65, 0.57 (0.26) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 0.04, 0.37 (0.90) | −0.27, 0.56 (0.64) | ||||
| ON U-RBP (ng/h) | −0.006, 0.008 (0.47) | 0.32, 0.16 (0.04) | ||||
| Model 1 with U-Cd | 17, 8.5 (0.05) | −0.28, 0.24 (0.25) | ||||
| Model 2 with U-Cd | 13, 8.4 (0.12) | −0.20, 0.24 (0.40) | ||||
| Model 3 with U-Cd | 15, 8.2 (0.08) | 0.11, 0.27 (0.69) |
p-Values <0.10 are shown in bold.
Additionally, model 2 based on urinary cadmium (U-Cd) included creatinine concentration and model 3 urinary flow rate. For each model, the β coefficient, its SE and p value is given.
A1M, α-1-microglobulin; B, blood; Alb, albumin; Cd, cadmium; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; K, kidney; KIM, kidney injury molecule; ON, overnight sample; RBP, retinol-binding protein; U, urine.