Cases (N=688) | Non-cases (N=12 949) | HR* | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Per cent | N | Per cent | |||
Insecticides | ||||||
Organochlorines | ||||||
Aldrin | 18 | 3 | 176 | 1 | 1.34 | 0.83 to 2.14 |
Chlordane | 62 | 10 | 965 | 8 | 0.95 | 0.73 to 1.23 |
DDT | 82 | 13 | 795 | 7 | 1.23 | 0.97 to 1.56 |
Dieldrin | 12 | 2 | 77 | 1 | 1.99 | 1.12 to 3.54 |
Heptachlor† | 18 | 3 | 170 | 1 | 1.48 | 0.92 to 2.37 |
Lindane | 25 | 4 | 352 | 3 | 1.13 | 0.76 to 1.68 |
Toxaphene | 14 | 2 | 148 | 1 | 1.07 | 0.63 to 1.82 |
Organophosphates | ||||||
Chlorpyrifos | 53 | 8 | 896 | 7 | 1.15 | 0.87 to 1.52 |
Coumaphos | 21 | 3 | 287 | 2 | 1.20 | 0.77 to 1.85 |
Diazinon | 116 | 18 | 2359 | 19 | 0.88 | 0.72 to 1.08 |
Dichlorvos | 41 | 6 | 613 | 5 | 0.96 | 0.70 to 1.33 |
Fonofos | 36 | 6 | 410 | 3 | 1.56 | 1.11 to 2.19 |
Malathion | 272 | 41 | 4560 | 36 | 1.05 | 0.90 to 1.23 |
Parathion | 22 | 3 | 218 | 2 | 1.61 | 1.05 to 2.46 |
Phorate | 41 | 6 | 416 | 3 | 1.57 | 1.14 to 2.16 |
Terbufos | 43 | 7 | 638 | 5 | 1.20 | 0.87 to 1.63 |
Carbamates | ||||||
Aldicarb | 8 | 1 | 106 | 1 | 1.29 | 0.64 to 1.61 |
Carbaryl | 387 | 59 | 7042 | 56 | 0.90 | 0.77 to 1.06 |
Carbofuran | 28 | 4 | 415 | 3 | 1.00 | 0.68 to 1.47 |
Pyrethroids | ||||||
Permethrin (crops) | 16 | 3 | 470 | 4 | 0.65 | 0.40 to 1.07 |
Permethrin (livestock) | 38 | 6 | 840 | 7 | 0.88 | 0.63 to 1.23 |
Herbicides | ||||||
2,4,5-T or 2,4,5-TP | 19 | 3 | 173 | 1 | 1.59 | 1.00 to 2.51 |
2,4-D | 185 | 29 | 3415 | 28 | 1.07 | 0.90 to 1.27 |
Alachlor | 62 | 10 | 961 | 8 | 1.10 | 0.84 to 1.43 |
Atrazine | 65 | 10 | 1025 | 8 | 1.08 | 0.83 to 1.40 |
Butylate | 16 | 2 | 325 | 3 | 0.82 | 0.50 to 1.34 |
Chlorimuron-ethyl | 24 | 4 | 378 | 3 | 1.18 | 0.78 to 1.77 |
Cyanazine | 33 | 5 | 653 | 5 | 0.90 | 0.63 to 1.28 |
Dicamba | 54 | 8 | 916 | 7 | 1.15 | 0.86 to 1.53 |
EPTC | 23 | 4 | 303 | 2 | 1.36 | 0.89 to 2.09 |
Glyphosate | 397 | 58 | 7737 | 61 | 1.03 | 0.88 to 1.20 |
Imazethapyr | 30 | 5 | 685 | 6 | 0.87 | 0.60 to 1.25 |
Metolachlor | 32 | 5 | 758 | 6 | 0.78 | 0.54 to 1.11 |
Metribuzin | 23 | 4 | 405 | 3 | 0.95 | 0.62 to 1.44 |
Paraquat | 19 | 3 | 264 | 2 | 1.07 | 0.67 to 1.71 |
Pendimethalin | 27 | 4 | 538 | 4 | 0.98 | 0.66 to 1.43 |
Petroleum oil | 52 | 8 | 815 | 7 | 1.08 | 0.81 to 1.44 |
Trifluralin | 65 | 10 | 1219 | 10 | 0.97 | 0.74 to 1.25 |
Fungicides and Fumigants | ||||||
Fungicides | ||||||
Benomyl | 14 | 2 | 199 | 2 | 1.12 | 0.66 to 1.92 |
Captan | 26 | 4 | 524 | 4 | 0.73 | 0.49 to 1.08 |
Chlorothalonil | 11 | 2 | 224 | 2 | 0.80 | 0.44 to 1.45 |
Maneb | 20 | 3 | 351 | 3 | 0.80 | 0.51 to 1.26 |
Metalaxyl | 28 | 4 | 323 | 3 | 1.42 | 0.96 to 2.10 |
Fumigants | ||||||
Methyl bromide† | 19 | 3 | 250 | 2 | 1.21 | 0.76 to 1.94 |
Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 mix) | 10 | 2 | 119 | 1 | 0.91 | 0.49 to 1.71 |
*HRs adjusted for state (Iowa, North Carolina) and body mass index at enrolment (<25, 25–29.99, 30–34.99, ≥35 kg/m2). Proportional hazards models were fitted with attained age in days as the time scale.
†These pesticides were the only ones that showed any evidence of non-proportional hazards (p=0.05 for heptachlor and p=0.01 for methyl bromide).