Univariate and multivariate associations between personal and work-related risk factors and epicondylitis
| Lateral epicondylitis n=34 | Medial epicondylitis n=30 | Lateral or Medial epicondylitis n=48 | Lateral or Medial epicondylitis n=31, MEN | Lateral or Medial epicondylitis n=17, WOMEN | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (total) | n | % | OR (univariate analyses) | OR (multivariate analyses) | N | % | OR (univariate analyses) | OR (multivariate analyses) | n | % | OR (univariate analyses) | OR (multivariate analyses) | OR (multivariate analyses) | OR (multivariate analyses) | |
| Age (years, continuous) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Men | 449 | 20 | 4.5 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 4.0 | 1 | 1 | 31 | 6.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Women | 250 | 14 | 5.6 | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.6) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) | 12 | 4.8 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5) | 1.3 (0.6 to 3.0) | 17 | 6.8 | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.8) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.8) | ||
| Low educational level | |||||||||||||||
| >high school | 363 | 13 | 3.6 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.9 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 4.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≤High school education | 336 | 21 | 6.3 | 1.8 (0.9 to 3.6) | 1.87 (0.9 to 4.1) | 23 | 6.9 | 3.8 (1.6 to 8.9) | 3.5 (1.3 to 8.6) | 31 | 9.3 | 2.1 (1.1 to 3.8) | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.4) | 2.5 (0.8 to 7.7) |
| Lack of social support | |||||||||||||||
| No | 512 | 23 | 4.5 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | 35 | 6.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 122 | 7 | 5.7 | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.1) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.6) | 7 | 5.7 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.2) | 1.1 (0.4 to 2.8) | 9 | 7.4 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.7) | 2.3 (0.7 to 7.9) |
| Medical Disorders* | |||||||||||||||
| No | 666 | 30 | 4.5 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 3.9 | 1 | 1 | 44 | 6.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 33 | 4 | 12.1 | 2.9 (1.0 to 8.9) | 2.0 (0.6 to 7.0) | 4 | 12.1 | 3.4 (1.1 to 10.3) | 3.3 (0.9 to 11.9) | 4 | 12.1 | 2.0 (0.7 to 5.8) | 1.7 (0.5 to 5.7) | 0.9 (0.1 to 7.7) | 2.9 (0.6 to 15.7) |
| Body Mass Index | |||||||||||||||
| <30 kg/m² | 468 | 16 | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 3.9 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 5.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥30 kg/m² | 231 | 18 | 7.8 | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.8) | 1.8 (0.8 to 3.9) | 12 | 5.3 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.2) | 21 | 9.1 | 1.6 (0.9 to 3.0) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.4) | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.9) |
| Bending | |||||||||||||||
| No or <1 h/day | 227 | 4 | 1.8 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 1† | 4 | 1.8 | 1 | |||||
| 1-2 h/day | 70 | 1 | 1.4 | 0.8 ( 0.1 to 7.4) | 3 | 4.3 | 1† | 3 | 4.3 | 2.5 (0.6 to 11.4) | |||||
| 2-4 h/day | 106 | 5 | 4.7 | 2.8 (0.7 to 10.5) | 5 | 4.7 | 4.9 (1.1 to 20.7) | 7 | 6.6 | 3.9 (1.1 to 13.8) | |||||
| ≥4 h/day | 272 | 20 | 7.4 | 4.4 (1.5 to 13.1) | 21 | 7.8 | 8.2 (2.4 to 27.9) | 30 | 11.0 | 6.9 (2.4 to 19.9) | |||||
| Rotating | |||||||||||||||
| No or <1 h/day | 371 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 3.0 | 1 | 16 | 4.3 | 1 | |||||
| 1-2 h/day | 68 | 2 | 2.9 | 1.0 (0.2 to 4.6) | 1 | 1.5 | 0.5 (0.1 to 3.9) | 3 | 4.4 | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.6) | |||||
| 2-4 h/day | 77 | 5 | 6.5 | 2.3 (0.8 to 6.7) | 6 | 7.8 | 2.8 (1.0 to 7.7) | 8 | 10.4 | 2.6 (1.1 to 6.3) | |||||
| ≥4h/day | 159 | 12 | 7.6 | 2.7 (1.2 to 6.2) | 11 | 7.0 | 2.5 (1.0 to 5.8) | 17 | 10.7 | 2.7 (1.3 to 5.4) | |||||
| Gripping | |||||||||||||||
| No or <1 h/day | 312 | 11 | 3.5 | 1 | 7 | 2.2 | 1 | 13 | 4.2 | 1 | |||||
| 1-2 h/day | 89 | 4 | 4.5 | 1.3 (0.4 to 4.2) | 4 | 4.5 | 2.1 (0.6 to 7.2) | 6 | 6.7 | 1.7 (0.6 to 4.5) | |||||
| 2-4 h/day | 99 | 5 | 5.1 | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.3) | 4 | 4.1 | 1.9 (0.5 to 6.5) | 6 | 6.1 | 1.5 (0.6 to 4.0) | |||||
| ≥4 h/day | 175 | 10 | 5.7 | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.0) | 14 | 8.0 | 3.8 (1.5 to 9.6) | 19 | 10.9 | 2.8. (1.4 to 5.8) | |||||
| Bending ≥4h/day and Rotating ≥2 h/day | |||||||||||||||
| No | 512 | 16 | 3.1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 2.7 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 163 | 14 | 8.6 | 3.0 (1.4 to 6.1) | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.3) | 15 | 9.3 | 3.6 (1.7 to 7.7) | 3.1 (1.4 to 6.8) | 22 | 13.5 | 3.5 (1.9 to 6.5) | 3.0 (1.6 to 5.8) | 2.8 (1.2 to 6.2) | 3.6 (1.2 to 11.0) |
*Medical Disorders=diabetes, rheumatic arthritis or osteoarthrosis.
†Because no worker with medial epicondylitis reported less than 1 h of bending, reference included also 1–2 h/day; bold: p<0.05.