Pulmonary function measure | Total (n=2805) | Men (n=1889) | Women (n=916) | |||
Applying (n=2449) | Non-applying (n=356) | Applying (n=1702) | Non-applying (n=187) | Applying (n=747) | Non-applying (n=169) | |
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |
FVC, predicted % | 98.2 (0.5) | 101.9 (1.4) | 95.7 (0.5)† | 102.5 (1.7) | 103.3 (1.1) | 103.4 (2.5) |
FEV1, predicted % | 101.1 (0.4) | 102.7 (1.2) | 97.8 (0.5) | 101.0 (1.6) | 107.9 (0.8) | 107.7 (1.7) |
FEV1/FVC, % | 75.3 (0.2) | 74.7 (0.6) | 73.6 (0.3) | 72.7 (0.8) | 78.9 (0.4) | 78.7 (0.8) |
Male only | Current smokers (n=605) | Former smokers (n=487) | Never-smokers (n=745) | |||
Applying (n=552) | Non-applying (n=53) | Applying (n=448) | Non-applying (n=39) | Applying (n=672) | Non-applying (n=73) | |
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |
FVC, predicted % | 94.9 (0.9)† | 109.0 (2.9) | 95.2 (1.1) | 97.2 (3.7) | 96.6 (0.9) | 100.9 (2.6) |
FEV1, predicted % | 94.6 (0.8)† | 101.9 (2.7) | 97.3 (1.0) | 101.9 (3.4) | 100.7 (0.8) | 100.6 (2.4) |
FEV1/FVC, % | 72.0 (0.4) | 69.4 (1.4) | 73.2 (0.5) | 74.5 (1.6) | 75.0 (0.4) | 74.4 (1.2) |
↵* Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, height (continuous), distance from the oil spill site (>40, 20–40, <20 km), smoking status (never, ≤25.5 pack-years former smoker, >25.5 pack-years former smoker, ≤28 pack-years current smoker, >28 pack-years current smoker for men, never-/former smoker, current smoker for women), alcohol consumption (yes, no), level of education (<elementary, elementary, ≥middle) and the cumulative exposure (no exposure, low, high) of the three pesticides (carbofuran, imidacloprid, isoprothiolane), which are most highly correlated with use of paraquat.
↵† The statistically significant decrease among paraquat-applying farmers compared to non-paraquat-applying farmers is based on the corresponding t statistic of SE of the adjusted means (p<0.05).
FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second.