Multiple regression analyses on paraquat exposure indices and pulmonary function measures by gender among South Korean farmers in 2008
| Pulmonary function measure | Total (n=2805) | Men (n=1889) | Women (n=916) | |||
| β Coefficient (SE)* | p Value | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value | |
| Application years | ||||||
| FVC, ml | −5.20 (1.09) | <0.001 | −6.14 (1.41) | <0.001 | −3.12 (1.64) | 0.057 |
| FEV1, ml | −1.89 (0.73) | 0.010 | −2.30 (0.99) | 0.020 | −0.93 (0.92) | 0.313 |
| FEV1/FVC, % | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.057 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.063 | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.451 |
| Lifetime application days | ||||||
| FVC, ml | −22.19 (8.45) | 0.009 | −36.71 (11.47) | 0.001 | 1.62 (11.69) | 0.890 |
| FEV1, ml | −7.96 (5.67) | 0.160 | −13.65 (8.05) | 0.090 | 1.59 (6.56) | 0.809 |
| FEV1/FVC, % | 0.13 (0.12) | 0.270 | 0.20 (0.16) | 0.214 | 0.05 (0.18) | 0.791 |
↵* Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, height (continuous), distance from the oil spill site (>40, 20–40, <20 km), smoking status (never, ≤25.5 pack-years former smoker, >25.5 pack-years former smoker, ≤28 pack-years current smoker, >28 pack-years current smoker for men, never-/former smoker, current smoker for women), alcohol consumption (yes, no), level of education (<elementary, elementary, ≥middle) and the cumulative exposure (no exposure, low, high) of the three pesticides (carbofuran, imidacloprid, isoprothiolane), which are most highly correlated with use of paraquat.
FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second.