ORs and 95% CIs for abnormal spirometry by paraquat exposure indices among South Korean farmers in 2008
| Paraquat exposure index | Restrictive defect | Obstructive defect | ||
| Cases | OR* (95% CI) | Cases | OR (95% CI) | |
| Application years | ||||
| Non-applying | 23 | 1.00 | 24 | 1.00 |
| <19 | 62 | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.07) | 66 | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.08) |
| 19–30 | 100 | 1.33 (0.81 to 2.19) | 107 | 1.42 (0.85 to 2.36) |
| >30 | 66 | 1.89 (1.11 to 3.24) | 56 | 1.29 (0.74 to 2.26) |
| p Trend† | 0.015 | 0.359 | ||
| Lifetime application days | ||||
| Non-applying | 23 | 1.00 | 24 | 1.00 |
| <61 | 66 | 1.10 (0.66 to 1.83) | 84 | 1.32 (0.79 to 2.20) |
| 61–150 | 81 | 1.54 (0.93 to 2.56) | 80 | 1.38 (0.82 to 2.34) |
| >150 | 78 | 1.76 (1.04 to 2.98) | 63 | 1.23 (0.70 to 2.13) |
| p Trend | 0.007 | 0.680 | ||
↵* Adjusted for age (<50, 50–59, 60–69, ≥70 years), gender, distance from the oil spill site (>40, 20–40, <20 km), smoking status (never, ≤25.5 pack-years former smoker, >25.5 pack-years former smoker, ≤28 pack-years current smoker, >28 pack-years current smoker), alcohol consumption (yes, no), level of education (<elementary, elementary, ≥middle) and the cumulative exposure (no exposure, low, high) of the three pesticides (carbofuran, imidacloprid, isoprothiolane), which are most highly correlated with use of paraquat.
↵† p Value from test of linear trend across the four categories of each exposure.