Age (years) |
<50 | 170 (6.8) | 37 (9.9) |
50–59 | 523 (20.9) | 83 (22.2) |
60–69 | 1041 (41.4) | 143 (38.2) |
≥70 | 774 (30.9) | 111 (29.7) |
Sex |
Male | 1749 (69.7) | 198 (52.9) |
Female | 759 (30.3) | 176 (47.1) |
Smoking status* |
Never | 1449 (57.8) | 262 (70.8) |
Former |
Low (≤25.5 pack-years) | 215 (8.6) | 18 (4.9) |
High (>25.5 pack-years) | 252 (10.0) | 25 (6.8) |
Current |
Low (≤28 pack-years) | 250 (10.0) | 32 (8.6) |
High (>28 pack-years) | 341 (13.6) | 33 (8.9) |
Alcohol consumption |
No | 1154 (46.0) | 199 (53.5) |
Yes | 1353 (54.0) | 173 (46.5) |
Level of education |
Less than elementary school | 555 (22.2) | 110 (29.7) |
Elementary school | 1235 (49.2) | 162 (43.8) |
Beyond middle school | 716 (28.6) | 98 (26.5) |
Monthly income level (10 000 Korean won)† |
<50 | 1041 (41.6) | 171 (46.1) |
50–199 | 1137 (45.4) | 156 (42.0) |
>199 | 325 (13.0) | 44 (11.9) |
Distance from the oil spill site (km) |
>40 | 780 (31.1) | 165 (44.1) |
20–40 | 989 (39.4) | 103 (27.6) |
<20 | 739 (29.5) | 106 (28.3) |
Farming type‡ |
Rice | 2061 (82.2) | 268 (71.7) |
Dry-field | 2328 (92.8) | 290 (77.5) |
Greenhouse | 191 (7.6) | 13 (3.5) |
Livestock | 180 (7.2) | 12 (3.2) |
Use of pesticides most highly correlated with use of paraquat‡ |
Carbofuran | 993 (39.6) | 60 (16.0) |
Imidacloprid | 1169 (46.6) | 53 (14.2) |
Isoprothiolane | 1567 (62.5) | 105 (28.1) |
Application method‡ |
Hand sprayer | 591 (23.6) | 81 (22.8) |
Backpack sprayer | 1680 (67.2) | 163 (45.8) |
Others | 277 (11.1) | 69 (19.4) |
Personal protective equipment‡ |
Jacket | 373 (15.0) | 63 (19.4) |
Pants | 369 (14.8) | 64 (19.8) |
Goggles | 170 (6.8) | 27 (8.3) |
Gloves (rubber) | 1705 (68.5) | 224 (69.1) |
Boots (rubber) | 2290 (92.0) | 276 (85.2) |
Disposable dust mask | 210 (8.4) | 49 (15.1) |
Paraquat application years |
<19 | 830 (33.5) | – |
19–30 | 1102 (44.4) | – |
>30 | 547 (22.1) | – |
Median±SD | 25±13.1 | – |
Paraquat application days per year |
<4 | 953 (38.8) | – |
4–6 | 750 (30.5) | – |
>6 | 754 (30.7) | – |
Median±SD | 5±6.2 | – |
Lifetime paraquat application days |
<61 | 938 (38.3) | – |
61–150 | 803 (32.7) | – |
>150 | 711 (29.0) | – |
Median±SD | 90±212.8 | – |