Exposure variables | Natural uranium | Reprocessed uranium | ||||
Type F | Type M | Type S | Type F | Type M | Type S | |
Annual exposure status (exposed vs non-exposed) | ||||||
Circulatory system disease | 1.14 (0.59 to 2.19) | 1.12 (0.74 to 1.71) | 1.73 (1.11 to 2.69) | 1.19 (0.68 to 2.09) | 1.55 (0.74 to 3.24) | 2.13 (0.96 to 4.70) |
Ischaemic heart disease | 1.14 (0.41 to 3.07) | 1.30 (0.67 to 2.50) | 2.40 (1.23 to 4.64) | 0.55 (0.20 to 1.49) | 1.12 (0.35 to 3.57) | 1.83 (0.56 to 6.11) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.63 (0.47 to 5.68) | 1.07 (0.48 to 2.41) | 1.14 (0.49 to 2.71) | 2.24 (0.86 to 5.79) | 1.69 (0.45 to 6.34) | 2.50 (0.64 to 9.67) |
Cumulative exposure duration (continuous, per year) | ||||||
Circulatory system disease | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) |
Ischaemic heart disease | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.05) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.08) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.16) | 1.09 (0.93 to 1.27) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.29) |
Cumulative exposure level (three-class categorical: no exposure, low to medium, high) | ||||||
Circulatory system disease | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1.14 (0.59 to 2.20) | 1.06 (0.66 to 1.71) | 1.52 (0.94 to 2.48) | 0.99 (0.51 to 1.91) | 0.51 (0.12 to 2.15) | 1.82 (0.77 to 4.30) | |
1.12 (0.52 to 2.42) | 1.21 (0.72 to 2.02) | 2.84 (1.38 to 5.85) | 1.91 (0.81 to 4.50) | 3.40 (1.47 to 7.86) | 8.79 (1.21 to 27.62) | |
Ischaemic heart disease | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1.17 (0.42 to 3.20) | 1.42 (0.69 to 2.88) | 2.36 (1.18 to 4.69) | 0.47 (0.13 to 1.59) | 0.50 (0.06 to 3.84) | 1.57 (0.42 to 5.84) | |
0.96 (0.30 to 3.14) | 1.10 (0.48 to 2.55) | 2.57 (0.82 to 8.07) | 0.76 (0.16 to 3.52) | 2.05 (0.53 to 7.94) | 4.38 (0.47 to 40.7) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1.61 (0.46 to 5.65) | 0.69 (0.26 to 1.88) | 0.68 (0.55 to 2.09) | 2.02 (0.70 to 5.78) | – | 2.52 (0.63 to 10.1) | |
1.30 (0.29 to 5.71) | 1.63 (0.66 to 4.06) | 3.26 (0.97 to 11.0) | 2.29 (0.59 to 14.2) | 5.71 (1.48 to 22.0) | – | |
Log-transformed cumulative exposure score (continuous, 10 year-lagged) | ||||||
Circulatory system disease | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.15) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.27) |
Ischaemic heart disease | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.12) | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.31) | 1.16 (1.00 to 1.35) |
↵* Estimated using Cox regression models, stratified by sex and birth cohort, adjusted for four-class socioeconomic status and co-exposures to heat, shift work, trichloroethylene and solvents, coded as binary time-dependant variables.
↵† Uranium compounds were classified in terms of absorption types (F-fast, M-moderate or S-slow solubility) according to the Human Respiratory Tract Model described in International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 6615 and to the specific workstations analytical studies.16 17