Table 3

Fixed effect meta-analysis results of the neurobehavioral performance measures

Function, test, measure			Cohorts included (listed in table 2)	N	Mean effect sizes	95% CI	K₀	Homogeneity p value
Memory	Match to Sample		8, 17, 18	241	−0.22	−0.49 to 0.05		0.01
	Serial Digit Learning		8, 16–18, 20	495	−0.14	−0.34 to 0.06		0.52
	Benton Visual Retention		1–5, 9, 19	614	−0.71**	−0.88 to −0.54	43	0.01
Attention/short memory	Digit Span	Forward	1–5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16–20	1547	−0.43**	−0.54 to −0.32	46	0.002
Attention/short memory	Digit Span	Backward	1–3, 8, 9, 12, 16–20	1153	−0.38**	−0.51 to −0.25	31	0.08
Sustained attention	Continuous Performance	% Hits	8, 16–18, 20	495	0.01	−0.17 to 0.20		0.37
	Continuous Performance	Hit latency	6–8, 10, 14, 16, 20	607	−0.16	−0.31 to 0.02		0.02
	Selective Attention	No. of trials	8, 16–18, 20	495	−0.24*	−0.43 to −0.06	7	0.28
		Inter-stimulus interval	8, 16–18, 20	495	−0.27*	−0.45 to −0.08	9	0.09
		Latency	8, 16–18, 20	495	−0.16	−0.34 to 0.03		0.74
Motor speed/coordination	Finger Tapping	Preferred hand	6–8, 12–14, 16–18, 20	1054	−0.11	−0.25 to 0.02		0.01
		Non-preferred hand	6–8, 12–14, 16–18, 20	1054	−0.16*	−0.29 to −0.02	6	0.02
		Alternating hands	8, 14, 16–18, 20	933	−0.03	−0.17 to 0.12		0.01
	Santa Ana pegboard, preferred hand		3–5, 12	685	−0.53**	−0.71 to −0.35	17	0.11
	Progressive ratio, no. of taps		8, 16–18, 20	495	0.14	−0.05 to 0.32		0.20
	Reaction Time latency		3–5, 8, 10, 15–18, 20, 21	1275	−0.30**	−0.41 to −0.18	20	0.05
	Pursuit Aiming II		3–5, 11	798	−0.55**	−0.69 to −0.40	18	0.01
Visual-motor	Symbol Digit, latency		6–8, 12, 14, 16–18, 20, 21	1311	−0.31**	−0.43 to −0.19	21	0.12
	Digit Symbol		3–5, 9, 10, 11, 19	1065	−0.39**	−0.51 to −0.27	20	0.02
	Trail Making	A	1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 19	662	−0.47**	−0.64 to −0.31	26	<0.001
	Trail Making	B	1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 19	694	−0.53**	−0.69 to −0.38	34	0.01
Verbal abstraction	Similarities		1, 2, 4, 5, 9	497	−0.58**	−0.77 to −0.40	24	0.42
Perception	Block Design		1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 19	563	−0.64**	−0.82 to −0.47	32	0.01

*p<0.05; **p<0.001.
K₀, fail safe N, calculated for the significant effect sizes only.