Differences in occupational exposure prevalence between males and females
| Exposure | Exposure in males and females (whole sample) | Exposure in males and females with the same occupation (matched sample)* | ||||||
| Total | Male | Female | OR (95% CI)† | Total | Male | Female | OR (95% CI)† | |
| n=3003 (%) | n=1431 (%) | n=1572 (%) | n=1208 (%) | n=604 (%) | n=604 (%) | |||
| Dust/chemical factors | ||||||||
| Dust | 29.3 | 40.3 | 19.3 | 2.83 (2.40 to 3.33) | 23.2 | 25.0 | 21.4 | 1.24 (0.94 to 1.63) |
| Smoke/fume/gas | 21.4 | 29.5 | 14.0 | 2.61 (2.17 to 3.13) | 17.6 | 20.2 | 14.9 | 1.54 (1.11 to 2.14) |
| Oils and solvents | 20.9 | 29.8 | 12.8 | 3.00 (2.48 to 3.62) | 15.2 | 17.9 | 12.4 | 1.62 (1.16 to 2.27) |
| Acids or alkalis | 9.4 | 13.4 | 5.8 | 2.57 (1.98 to 3.34) | 8.0 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 1.35 (0.85 to 2.15) |
| Pesticides | 9.6 | 14.5 | 5.0 | 3.14 (2.39 to 4.11) | 8.0 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.15) |
| Any of the above | 45.4 | 57.0 | 34.7 | 2.52 (2.17 to 2.92) | 38.3 | 41.1 | 35.6 | 1.34 (1.03 to 1.73) |
| Physical factors | ||||||||
| Lifting‡ | 39.2 | 43.1 | 35.8 | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.62) | 32.3 | 31.6 | 33.1 | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) |
| Loud noise‡ | 29.9 | 40.1 | 20.5 | 2.70 (2.29 to 3.18) | 23.2 | 24.8 | 21.7 | 1.21 (0.90 to 1.63) |
| Awkward or tiring positions‡ | 56.1 | 54.5 | 57.6 | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.05) | 49.9 | 45.8 | 54.1 | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.92) |
| Awkward grip or hand movements‡ | 38.2 | 40.5 | 36.1 | 1.25 (1.08 to 1.45) | 32.1 | 31.5 | 32.8 | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.22) |
| Standing‡ | 28.0 | 27.3 | 28.6 | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 24.6 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 0.91 (0.67 to 1.22) |
| Tools that vibrate‡ | 11.4 | 17.6 | 5.7 | 3.80 (2.94 to 4.90) | 8.2 | 10.3 | 6.2 | 2.06 (1.29 to 3.29) |
| Organisational factors | ||||||||
| Repetitive tasks‡ | 68.2 | 64.7 | 71.5 | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.89) | 63.8 | 61.0 | 66.6 | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.01) |
| Working at very high speed‡ | 51.2 | 47.0 | 55.0 | 0.75 (0.65 to 0.87) | 48.0 | 43.2 | 52.7 | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.89) |
| Working to tight deadlines‡ | 73.1 | 74.9 | 71.4 | 1.26 (1.07 to 1.49) | 73.7 | 73.2 | 74.1 | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.36) |
| Night shift | 7.1 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 2.57 (1.89 to 3.50) | 5.7 | 8.0 | 3.4 | 3.32 (1.73 to 6.36) |
| Irregular hours | 16.1 | 20.1 | 12.5 | 1.76 (1.44 to 2.15) | 14.4 | 17.9 | 11.0 | 1.97 (1.37 to 2.83) |
| Stress | ||||||||
| Not at all–mildly | 39.7 | 36.6 | 42.6 | 1.00 (ref) | 37.1 | 33.0 | 41.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Moderately | 45.2 | 48.5 | 42.2 | 1.36 (1.16 to 1.59) | 46.3 | 49.5 | 43.1 | 1.52 (1.17 to 1.99) |
| Very–extremely | 15.1 | 15.0 | 15.3 | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.42) | 16.6 | 17.5 | 15.8 | 1.43 (1.00 to 2.05) |
| Household responsibility | 34.7 | 29.3 | 39.6 | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.78) | 32.8 | 30.0 | 35.6 | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.98) |