Outcome | Reference | RR of mortality by smoking status† | Estimated bias (%)* and CI | ||
Current relative to never | Former relative to never | Bias | 95% CI | ||
Lung cancer | Malarcher et al34 | 19.60 | 7.26 | −6.93 | (−2.84 to −11.03) |
Coronary heart disease | Malarcher et al34 | 2.80 | 1.55 | −3.18 | (−1.21 to −5.15) |
Cerebrovascular disease | Malarcher et al34 | 3.82 | 1.19 | −2.60 | (0.40 to −5.61) |
Lung cancer | Gandini et al35 | 8.96 | 3.95 | −6.18 | (−3.45 to −9.63) |