Tynes et al,8 Norway | Nested case-control | 50 | Female naval radio-telegraph operators | Light at night, radio frequency fields, low frequency fields | Database with job history on certified telegraph operators from Norwegian Telecom. Shift work and travel through time zones was assessed from job history by a shipping journalist and a researcher | Frequent present in radio room both at night and during the day | No shift work | Age <50, < 3.1 yrs Age <50, ≥ 3.1 yrs Age ≥50,< 3.1 yrs Age ≥50,≥ 3.1 yrs
|
Hansen,10 Denmark | Population based nested case-control | 7035 | Female employees | Night work | Job exposure matrix based on survey (1976) on working condition, linked to population registry (job title) and pension fund registry data (duration of employment since 1964 on company and trade level) | Working at least half a year at least 5 years prior to reference date in trades where at least 60% of survey responders had nighttime schedules | Working in trades where less than 40% of survey responders had nighttime schedules | Overall > 6 years |
Davis et al,6 USA | Case-control | 763 | Females | Light at night: sleep habits, bedroom lightning, shift work | In-person interview of all jobs held for 6 months or longer | Graveyard shift: beginning work after 19:00 and leaving work before 9:00 | Never worked graveyard shift | Ever Hours/week Continuous Quartiles (< 1.2,1.2–2.7,2.7–5.7, ,≥5.7 h per week) At least one shift/week: No. of years (continuous) Median (<3, ,≥3 years)
|
Schernhammer,11 USA | Prospective cohort | 2441 | Nurses participating in Nurses Health Study I | Night work as a surrogate of light at night | Postal questionnaire in 1988 | Rotating night shifts: Years in total worked at least three nights per month in addition to days or evening in that month: never, 1–2, 3–5, 6–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–29, ≥ 30 years. | Never working on rotating night shifts | 1–14 years 15–29 years ,≥30 years
|
Schernhammer,12 USA | Prospective cohort | 1352 | Nurses participating in Nurses Health Study II | Rotating night shift work | Postal questionnaire in 1989 (baseline), updated in 1991, 1993 and 1997. Information obtained retrospectively in 2001 for the periods 1993–1995 and 1997–1999. | Rotating night shifts: total months worked for at least three nights per month in addition to days or evening in that month: none, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–29, >=20 months. Also information on permanent night shift for ≥6 month. | Never working on rotating night shifts | 1–9 years 10–19 years ,≥20 years
|
Lie et al,14 Norway | Nested case-control | 537 | Nurses | Night work | Job exposure matrix based on information from the Norwegian board of Health's registry on nurses and censuses from 1960, 1970 and 1980 | Nurses working at infirmaries (hospitals) | Other work sites than infirmaries | >0–14 years 15–29 years ,≥30 years (all and at age <50 and ,≥ 50 years) Disregarding 20 most recent years of exposure: >0–4 years 5–14 years ,≥15 years (all and at age <50 and ,≥ 50 years)
|
Schwartzbaum, et al,13 Sweden | Retrospectiv cohort | 70 | Female participants from censuses in 1960 and 1970 | Shift workers | Job exposure matrix based on survey (1977–1981) and occupational information from census | Occupation-industry combinations in which at least 40% of the workers had a rotating schedule with three or more possible shifts per day or had work hours during the night (any hour between 0100 and 0400) at least 1 day during the week | Occupation- industry combinations in which < 30% of the workers had shift work (as defined to the left) | Census in 1970 Census in 1960 and 1970
|
Pesch et al,7 Germany | Population based case-control | 892 | Gene Environment Interaction and Breast Cancer (GENICA) participants | Night shift work | Personal interview of occupational history. Subsequent telephone interviews on shift work | Working the full-time period between 24.00 and 05:00 h (ILO definition) for at least 1 year | Ever employed, but never in shift work | Ever in shift work. Ever in night shift work Cumulative number of nights (< 1056 nights; ,≥ 1056 nights) Duration of night shift work (>0–4 ,5–9,10–19, ,≥ 20 years) Age at first night shift work (<20, 20–29, 30–39, ,≥40 years) Years since last night shift work (>1–9, 10–19, ,≥20 years)
|
O'Leary et al,9 USA | Case-control | 487 | Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project participants, who had lived in the same residence for 15 years or longer | Light-at-night exposure from shift work and at home | In-home interview obtaining information on all jobs held for 6 months or longer for the last 15 years. | Frequency (days per week, months or years) and type of shift work for each job: Evening work (starting afternoon and ending as late as 2:00) Overnight work (starting as early as 19:00. and continue until the following morning) | Participants who had never held jobs involving shift work | |